英文碩士dissertation代寫Chapter 4 – Results and Findings

4.1 The Suzhou Creek Rehabilitation Project

4.1.2 The Suzhou Creek

Suzhou Creek, originating in Gua Jing Kou, Jiangsu Province is considered as one of the biggest tributaries of the Huangpu River. The said river is more or less 125-km long, wherein 53.1 km are lying within the boundary of the Shanghai municipality and 23.8 km are within the city proper. The average width of the Creek is more or less 70 to 80 metres, while the average depth is 2 to 4 metres at low tide and more or less 7 to 8 metres at high tide. The statistics showed that hydrologic station in the Huangpu district, the average net flow is 6m3/s, where in 40% to 60% is contributed by the inflow of domestic and industrial waste water along the banks. Currently, the Creek serves many functions such as flood prevention, navigation, industrial water supply, irrigation and aquatics breeding. The main or important role of the river is flood control, because the region is prone and subjects to regular flooding. With this, there are six main local tributaries that are dependent on the Creek, which include: Mudugang, Pengyuepu, Zhenrugang, Huacaogang, Xinjinggang and Shenjigand (Innovation Center Denmark Shanghai n.d.).

During the first decade of the 20th century, the creek was fairly clean, however, starting in the 1920s, the pollution resulted to a deterioration of the creek, from then, the pollution in the creek became heavier in 1950s. This is because of the fact that more and more industrial factories are pouring untreated waste into the waterway and as the population of the city became more populated, too many people began using the creek as their dumping site of their domestic trash as well as sewage. The result leads to the death of the river – wherein, there was no fish or even plant that lives in the river any longer (Soy 2003).
In detail, Suzhou Creek is considered as the principle outlet for Taihu Lake; it is a large freshwater lake that is about 180 km west downtown Shanghai. Suzhou Creek is divided into an upper reach, which receives the water from Taihu Lake and the lower reach, which winds via the urban Shanghai, which join the Huangpu River and consequently, emptying into the Yangtze River before it reaches the sea (Vollmer 2009). There are different reasons behind the deterioration of the river. First, it is important to consider the population in the area. The urban areas of Shanghai are densely populated – with about 20 million residents within the municipality, or with about 90% live in the urban district. About 3 million people or citizens work and live in the districts within the Suzhou Creek, even though the area is still underdeveloped in commercial manner because of the poor quality of the water (ADB 1999). The main function of the river is flood relief, at the same time; it is also a vital navigation channel, with up to 3000 barges/day, sources for the industrial water and even some agricultural irrigation, as well as channel for industrial and municipal wastewater (ADB 1999). Because of these multiple uses, the creek has experienced and endured relentless pollution for about decades, and it was considered as one of the most populated waterways in China. The water quality of the creek did not even achieve the Class V standard of China, which put the creek to be one of the most impaired waterways in the country. As a result, citizens within the area considered the problem of Suzhou Creek as the ‘black and stink’, because of its surface colour and toxic odour coming from it. Night soil or human waste as well as solid waste wharves in the river are two of the main reasons for these offenses (Vollmer 2009).#p#分頁標題#e#

4.1.2 The Rehabilitation Project

The President of the People’s Republic of China strongly insisted the treatment of Suzhou Creek in 1996. http://www.ttc-switch.com/dissertation_writing/Engineering/2012/0228/1068.html With this, the Shanghai Municipal Government established the Suzhou Rehabilitation Leader Group and increased the legal power of the Group in 1998 and 2000. Mr. Xu Kuangdi, the mayor of the city during that time directed the group, together with the standing vice mayor – Mr. Chen Liangyu and Mr. Han Zhen, the actual secretary. The group focuses on the significance given rehabilitation and treatment of Suzhou Creek among all of the projects which focuses on different environmental issues in the city. The entire government of the municipal has been attaching more and more vitality towards the rehabilitation plan during the succeeding years. This is primarily because of the fact that the government hopes that via the treatment of the Suzhou Creek, it can help in order to develop and improve the general water condition of other middle and small sized rivers in Shanghai (Innovation Center Denmark Shanghai n.d.).
 

4.1.2.1 The First Phase

The first phase of the rehabilitation plan was launched in 1998. In the first phase, three main aims were followed, including:

• reduction the sewage discharge in the river,
• the installation of water lock between Huangpu river and Suzhou Creek and
• the input of oxygen into the dead river (Innovation Center Denmark Shanghai n.d.).

Thus, it focuses on three important elements, which include:

• interception of wastewater for six tributaries – construction of 48 km interceptor sewer, 30 km of collectors and branches and 16 pumping station;
• interception of wastewater for Hong Gang and Yangpu Gang – construction of 6 km interceptor sewer, 10 km of large-diameter interceptors, 26 km of connections and branches and 8 pumping stations; and
• wastewater treatment plant in Shidongkou – construction of sewage treatment plant with 400,000 m3/d (ADB 2005).

This phase was completed in 2003 with an investment of more or less 7 billion Yuan or US$ 84 million. As a result, the quality of water in the creek had reached the fifth level of the national classification. After the said phase, the water from the creek become clearer and the foul smell continued to disappear. In addition, the city also enabled to beautify the landscape in the Creek in the downtown area, which consequently, enable the area to be one of the heated real estate markets in the centre of the city. The study showed that the prices for the houses located near the waterway are 10% to 15% higher than those housing only a little away from the creek. Thus, having an apartment near in the creek had become a dream for the residents of the city, thus the notion of riverside residence had started to make the real sense (Innovation Center Denmark Shanghai n.d.).

4.1.2.2 The Second Phase

The second phase of the rehabilitation plan started after finishing the first and it was finished in 2005 with an estimated investment of 3.94 billion Yuan. The main goal of this phase is to sustain and further improve the current quality of water, at the same time, focuses on the different problems and threats facing by the six tributaries and to establish large areas of green areas along the creek. Furthermore, aside from these, the second phase focuses on consolidating what have achieved from the first phase, which is more landscaping of the bank of the creek, but the second phase focuses mainly towards the establishments of bridges. Thus, in order to do this, it is important to focus on treatment of the sewage and to block off the sources of the pollution. The following are the main projects of the rehabilitation plan:#p#分頁標題#e#

• Construction of another water lock at the river mouth of the creek, which located connected to the Wai Bai Du Bridge, which is considered as the merging area of the creek and the Huangpu River. The said lock will enable to block the flow of water from both sides when it is needed, which will help to prevent flooding, at the same time, adjust the level of water from west to east and from east to north of the creek.
• Treatment of the upper reach of the creek which includes the construction of a sewage treatment plant located in the Huang Du Zhen, together with the establishment of the 40 km pipeline which will help to reduce 367 sources of pollution, which will help to stop polluted water of 44,000 m3/day.
• Sewage block project to the lower reach of the Suzhou Creek.
• The second phase of the Meng Qing Yuan Project was used as an educational base for the youth, it was initially planned as the inspection station of the water situation for the creek, and however, the project was changed into the green area because of the lack of time and the lack of funding.
Source: (Innovation Center Denmark Shanghai n.d.)

4.1.2.3 The Third Phase

The third phase is consist of two elements, which include: (1) removal and relocation of night soil and solid waste collection wharves – construction of three solid waste transfer stations and two night soil discharge stations; and (2) embankment reconstruction – construction and repair of 35 km of embankment wall (ADB 2005).

4.1.3 Project Planning and Implementation

4.1.3.1 Policy Dialogue

The policy dialogue with the government was started via the issues that are connected with the:

• urban planning framework for Shanghai and areas that are connected to the Suzhou Creek;
• enforcement of the different environmental regulations and standards;
• institutional capacity building;
• tariff reform; and
• commercialization and private sector participation
(ADB n.d.)

4.1.3.2 Benefits and Beneficiaries

The project will cause different benefits including the employment opportunities for 3,830 skilled and unskilled workers. On the completion, the Project can help in order to improve the environment; lessen the water pollution via removal of the polluted river sediments; improved the odour and cleanliness of waterways via the removal of the night soil wharves and new solid waste management; and help to embank further improvements (ADB n.d.).

The direct beneficiaries of the project was the 3 million people living within the project area who will experience improvement on living conditions and in the public health standard because of the removal of about 1.0 m3/d of untreated sewage within the area, and more hygienic night soil and improvement of the facilities for solid waste collection for more or less 1,200 t/d of night soil and 300 t/d of solid waste. Furthermore, it will also help to remove more or less 1.1 million m3 of polluted sediment – thus this will help to implement sanitary disposal of waste (ADB 2005).#p#分頁標題#e#

4.1.3.3 Public Consultation

Public consultation was arranged by Bank in 1998 with the people in the Project area including those that are affected by land acquisition, together with the resettlement that has been conducted. Shanghai Suzhou Creek Rehabilitation and Construction Company (SSCRCC) is the project executing agency that conducted the consultations among the vital and primary stakeholders, some of whom are represented on the Project Leader Group as the Municipal agencies. The said group are meeting regularly to advice on coordination regarding the progress of the project. The employees of the SSCRCC, in cooperation with the Shanghai Academy of Social Science (SASS) help in making sure that the momentum for the consultation process and the participation of the people are all maintained in the overall implementation and completion of the project (ADB n.d.).

Furthermore, the provision has been made for about 75 months of the international expertise in order to support the project as well as the construction company which is SSCRCC in the areas of the Bank procedures and reporting, international specifications, tendering procedures, evaluation of bids, standard contracts, quality control and projects performance management (PPMS). The consultant will also offer the training and capacity building in areas of the wastewater planning, waste quality modelling and environmental management and urban planning. All of these consultants were recruited in connection with the Guidelines on the Use of Consultants of the Bank (ADB n.d.).

Above all, the procurement of the Bank financed goods and services were carried out with connection with the Guidelines for Procurement of the Bank. Most of the contracts for equipment must be undertaken via the international competitive bidding (ICB) of the bank while smaller equipment packages that are under $500,000 was procured following the international shopping (IS) procedures of the Bank (ADB n.d.).

4.1.3.4 Funding and Finance Plan (in US$ million)

During the planning and decision phase, the estimated total cost of the project was at $875 million, which is equivalent to $331.5 million in foreign exchange rate and $544.3 million in local costs – this comprised the $677.1 million in base costs and $198.7 million in the contingencies and interest during construction (IDC). The ADB offered $300.0 million loan, which is 34% of the entire total cost of the project and more or less 90% of the foreign exchange cost and IDC. The 10% were financed by Shanghai Municipal Government (SMG). While the entire SCRP’s cost was financed by Ministry of Finance (MOF: $132.5 million); SMG (102.7 million); 9 districts and 1 country in the Shanghai Municipality ($55.4 million) and the State Development Bank (SDB: 285.2 million).

After implementation of different programs and activities within the project, the actual cost calculated was $841.3 million (foreign exchange: $162.1 million; local costs: $679.2 million), which comprised the $764.3 million in base costs and $77.0 million in terms of IDC. The entire foreign exchange cost of $162.1 million or 19% of the total cost of the project. Other financing allocated for the 100% of the local cost of $679.2 million - $130.0 million from MOF, $137.2 from district and county municipal government, $342.6 million from SDB and $69.4 million from districts and counties of Shanghai (ADB 2005).#p#分頁標題#e#

4.2 Public Private Partnership in SCRP

The private sector was involved in the entire implementation of SCRP. The SSRCC make use of the ability and skill of the project sector in terms of project implementation and management. As a result, some of the processes including management of tendering works, resettlement programs, operations of some of the facilities constructed and improved during the project were all contracted out to the tendering companies (ADB 2005).

Based on this, SSRCC used service contract type of PPP. Service Contract is considered as the simplest type of PPP. This enables managing agency to awards the right to perform specific service towards the private party or company (Clark & Mountford 2007). The period to carry out specific task or service commonly ranged from 1 to 3 years. With this, the public sector and the authority is still the chief provider of the service of infrastructure and contracts out only parts of the operation towards the private partner. The private partner must act upon the service at the settled cost and must meet the standards that have been set by the public sector. Commonly, the government agency responsible for the project implements competitive bidding process in order to award service contracts that will work well in a limited duration of time and nature of the contract (ADB 2005).

In the entire duration of the SCRP, there have been numbers of contractors who agreed partnership with the SSCRCC. SSRCC invited bids for all operations and maintenance of the Project facilities from public and private sectors via open auction following the national bidding procedures. The bids showed that outsourcing of operation and maintenance of any facilities of the Project is cost-effective, but will follow the standards that are related with quality and safety. Service contracts were awarded via competitive bidding, which require full conformity to the applicable operation and maintenance environmental and safety stands. In general, SSRCC is still accountable in ensuring that the contractors are operating and performing based on the appropriate standard (ADB 2005).

All of the goods and services used in this project were procured from the loan funds by ADB. All of the modes of procurement used for the civil works, equipment as well as material supplies were all evaluated. Majority of the procurement of 83 contracts in civil works used local competitive bidding (LCB); 20 out of 39 contracts in equipment used international competitive bidding (ICB); and all of the 10 supplies contracts used ICB. The following are some of the contractors in SCRP:

• Shanghai ZhongXing Construction Consultancy Co. Ltd. – civil works in Phase 1
• Shanghai Xiangbo Tendering Co. Ltd – civil works in Phase 2
• Shanghai International Tendering Co. Ltd., Joint Venture of Shang Zhongji International Tendering Co. Ltd and Shangtou Tendering Co. Ltd. – equipments and materials for Phase 1 and 2
• Shanghai Zhongshe International Tendering Co. Ltd. – equipments and materials for Phase 3#p#分頁標題#e#

Other contractors include:

• Shanghai Fuxin Riverbed Treatment Co. Ltd – construction
• CDM – expertise and knowledge in program management, planning and procurement, financial and institutional management, fund management, corporate accounting and management information systems (MISs); and technical assistance to ADB’s formulation of financing package for the project (CDM 2010).
• Delft Hydraulics (in association with AEA Technology from the UK) – technology transfer and technical assistance of Decision Support System (DSS) of Suzhou Creek (Delft Hydraulics n.d.).
• COWI (client – The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)) – project management, advisory and technology transfer services (COWI n.d.).

4.2 Survey and Interview Results

4.2.1 PPP Decision and Planning

Table 3 Public Sector's Reasons and Factors to Consider in Implementing PPP

Mean Interpretation
Urgent Projects 4.64 Very High
Strong Support from the politics, institutions and public 4.60 Very High
Availability of potential for project acceleration 4.00 High
Lack of traditional funding 5.00 Very High
High-risk project, lack of skills and capabilities from the government 5.00 Very High

Table 3 shows the primary reasons and factors which motivate and push public sector authorities in working with the private sector. It shows that all of the variables included in the questionnaires, were all considered the respondents as vital motivator or force which will lead them in implementing PPP. The lack of traditional funding and high-risk project and lack of skills and capabilities from the government (mean = 5.0), got the highest value of influence in the decision-making. All of the respondents considered these two variables are highly influential or significant deciding factors. These factors are followed by urgency of projects (mean = 4.64), strong support from the politics, institutions and public (mean = 4.60) and availability of potential for project acceleration (mean = 4.0).

The interview result shows that the respondents believe that the lack or deficiency of different resources including: finance, technology or innovation, time and knowledge or skills of the government or public sector are considered as the primary factors which affect the decision-making process. It is connected on the level or degree of difficulty or complexity of the project.

Table 4 Private Sector's Reasons and Motivations for Entering PPP
Mean Interpretation
Market expansion and growth 4.64 Very High
Strong connection and wide network 4.48 High
Profitability 4.60 Very High
Marketing process 4.76 Very High
Social responsibility 4.52 Very High

The result shows that the respondents from the private sector believe that the influence of PPP in the marketing process (mean = 4.76), is considered is the most important motivation in entering PPP. This is followed by market expansion and growth (mean = 4.64), profitability (mean = 4.60) and social responsibility (mean = 4.52). The least and the only variable with “high” value is strong connection and wide network (mean = 4.48).#p#分頁標題#e#

The result of the interview showed the same result. According to the respondents, the profit and high chance of receiving return on investment (ROI) are considered as the primary factors. Furthermore, it will be easier for private companies because PPP enables them to focus on a given activity in a given market, which will enable them to focus on the development of a given skill. Above all, PPP can also offer opportunities of working with other companies or via joint ventures.

Table 5 Knowledge and Experience of Public and Private Sectors in PPP (Urban River Spaces Development)
Public Private
Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
Need for basic understanding of PPPs 3.80 Agree 3.76 Agree
Need for additional technical expertise and knowledge in establishing partnership 3.88 Agree 3.68 Agree
Need for training and technical assistance 3.80 Agree 3.72 Agree

Table 5 shows that both the respondents from public and private sectors agree that there are still lot of information, knowledge and capabilities that must be acquired and learnt by both sectors in terms of application of PPP in urban river spaces development projects. As a result, it is important for the government and private companies to focus more on disseminating information about basic knowledge and understanding of PPPs (3.80, 3.76), technical expertise and knowledge in establishing partnership (3.88, 3.68) and the need for training and technical assistance (3.80, 3.72).

The interview showed that for both sectors, implementation of PPP in the rehabilitation and development of urban river space in China, and any urban development project in China will still need further development in terms of the knowledge and skills of both sectors. This is because lack of these can greatly affect the outcome of the project, focusing on the relationship of the two sectors with different cultural background. According to them, it is important to inform both the public and private sectors about the different procedures, frameworks and processes that are involved in the entire planning and implementation of PPP.

Table 6 Measures Used in Protecting the Interest of the Partnership, Particularly the Public (Citizens)
Public Private
Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
Comprehensive evaluation of benefits and costs of proposals 4.72 Very Important 4.48 Important
Participation of the public in decision-making process 4.72 Very Important 4.40 Important
Avoidance of conflict of interest 5.00 Very Important 4.40 Important
Public concerns in terms of agreement development 4.92 Very Important 4.44 Important
Construction, maintenance and operation standards meet and exceed the general standard 4.48 Important 4.40 Important
Continuous monitoring and evaluating process of the project 4.76 Very Important 4.52 Very Important
Clear definition of public and private responsibilities and risks 5.00 Very Important 4.64 Very Important

The result of the survey shows that public and private sector have their differences in considering the importance of measures used in order to protect the interest of partnership, particularly the interest of the public or the citizen. Only 3 out of 7 variables, the two sectors matched in terms of level of importance.#p#分頁標題#e#

For both sector, the continuous process of monitoring and evaluating the performance and status of the project (4.76, 4.52) and clear definition and declaration of responsibilities and roles of public and private sectors, as well as the risks that are associated with the partnership (5.00, 4.64) are considered as very important measures for the success of a PPP in project. This is followed by meeting and exceeding the general standard sets in process of construction, maintenance and operation (4.48, 4.40).

All of the remaining 4 measures are considered by the public sector as very important and important by the private sector, these include: avoidance of conflict of interest (5.00, 4.40), public concerns about the development of terms of agreement (4.92, 4.44), comprehensive evaluation of benefits and costs of proposals (4.72, 4.48) and participation of the public in decision-making process (4.72, 4.40). This result is understandable, since the public sector is connected to the government which mainly focus on the greater good of the citizens.

The result of the interview showed that the most significant measures to be implemented and maintained in PPP are the terms of agreement and the definition of public and private responsibilities, together with the possible risks. According to the respondents, these measures are considered as preliminary factors that must be included in the first phase or stage of planning and designing PPP. This can help both the public and private sector to be informed regarding their roles and accountabilities in the PPP and what are the possible problems or disadvantages that they can get from them. In addition, it is important to focus on the concerns and the opinions of the public or those citizens that will be affected by the project. On the other hand, maintenance and monitoring process must be continuous, in order to ensure that everything is in the right track and place.

4.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of PPP in Urban River Space Development

Table 7 Advantages of PPP in Urban River Space Development in China

Public Private
Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
Great value of money 3.88 Agree 4.56 Strongly Agree
Cost efficiency 4.52 Strongly Agree 4.36 Agree
Time-to-Delivery Savings 4.72 Strongly Agree 4.48 Agree
Reduction to capital demands on the public treasury 4.32 Agree 4.56 Strongly Agree
Greater Efficiency 3.60 Agree 4.68 Strongly Agree
Increasing support from other entities 4.00 Agree 4.48 Agree
Improvement of Cost 4.28 Agree 4.60 Strongly Agree

The result of the survey questionnaire towards the advantages of PPP in river space restoration in China is very positive. It shows that both sector believe that PPP can help the government and the private sector to gain some of financial, economic and technological advantages. According to the respondents, the most important advantage of PPP is the time-to-delivery savings (4.72, 4.48). This pertains on the overall time and cost spent in completing and implementing a given part of project. Based on this, it can be sad that the other economic or financial advantages will be connected to this, which include great value of money (3.88, 4.56), cost efficiency (3.88, 4.56) and reduction to capital demands on public treasury (4.32, 4.56) and improvement of cost (4.28, 4.60), together, it can help to driver greater efficiency (3.60, 4.68). The last advantage is the growing support in PPP of different stakeholders in urban development including the international banks and the society.#p#分頁標題#e#
The result of the interview was the same as the questionnaire, however, there are some important details and issues that have been raised and tackled by the respondents. Both respondents from public and private sectors indicated that PPP can help to save resources in implementing high quality outcome of project. This is because of the fact that it enables both sectors to share their knowledge, capabilities and skills, together with their innovation and technology. As a result, this partnership enables both public and private to focus on their individual skills or specialties, therefore, additional cost and effort to be exerted in order to perform or do tasks in a project. Furthermore, it also helps to maintain transparent specification of the needed service and enables to focus on the capabilities on performance monitoring. For example in the case of SCRP, there are some aspects of the project that are considered as critical, complex and risky, however, because the tasks was divided, the risk and accountabilities were also disseminated. Above all, the interview result also showed that the respondents believe that PPP enabled to improve the quality and maintain the standard of operation or procedures implemented in the study. In the case of SCRP, different private companies were included in the partnership, this include those companies that are knowledgeable in using IT, innovation and other technological development, together with the different knowledge and expertise in technical which enables the SCRPCC to ensure that all of the entities or companies belong in the decision-making and even in the actual implementation of the project are all knowledgeable and skilled, and will deliver their individual tasks in high quality.

Table 8 Disadvantages of PPP in Urban River Space Development in China
Public Private
Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
Can cause higher transaction cost 3.44 Uncertain 2.84 Uncertain
Over-specification and mis-specification 3.28 Uncertain 4.00 Agree
Insecurity 3.28 Uncertain 3.72 Agree
Inefficiencies 3.20 Uncertain 4.56 Strongly Agree
Problem in Confidence 4.24 Agree 4.64 Strongly Agree
Inability to adapt to change 3.24 Uncertain 2.60 Uncertain
Hold-Up problems 3.12 Uncertain 3.28 Uncertain
Problems in public sector employees 3.76 Agree 4.44 Agree

Table 8 shows the disadvantages of PPP in urban river space development in China. Based on the result, it shows that the private sector respondents considered more disadvantages of PPP, while the public sector is not that certain about disadvantages or limitations of PPP towards their operations.

Of all the disadvantages, two were considered by both sectors as important and crucial. This pertains on the problem in confidence (4.24, 4.64) and problems in public sector employees (3.76, 4.44). The problem of confidence pertains on the issues that are related with the political status of the government, particularly in terms of regulations and governance and the reaction and perception of the government employees. These are followed by: higher transaction cost (3.44, 2.84), over-specification and mis-specification (3.28, 3.72), inefficiencies (3.20, 4.56), inability to adapt to change (3.24, 2.60) and hold-up problems (3.12, 3.28).#p#分頁標題#e#

The interview enables to raise different concerns about PPP between the two sectors. The public sector focuses on the concern about the accountability of the private sector in the delivery of the service and facilities towards the government. They are cynical that private sectors might be less accountable than the public sector. This is primary, because of the different aims and goals and conflict of interests of the two sectors: the public focuses on serving the interest of the public, while the private sector focuses on improving financial advantages. In connection, there are different critics and researchers who argued that private sectors might have strong incentive to take short-cut in doing their job in order to achieve more financial benefits and save cost, thus, it could drive the private sector to do illegal practices in order to win over contracts and projects from the government (Wang n.d.). Another issue raised was the concerns of the government employees about their job.

On the other hand, the private sector raised the issue of unbalanced equation between the private sectors. As a matter of fact, all of the interviewee indicated that this is one of the primary factors which pre-empt the private sector in entering partnership with the government.

4.2.3 Suitability of PPP in SCRP and Urban River Space Development

Table 9 Suitability of PPP in SCRP and Urban River Space Development in China
Public Private
Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
Finish the project faster and of high quality 4.56 Strongly Agree 4.64 Strongly Agree
Information, skills and technology sharing 4.72 Strongly Agree 4.52 Strongly Agree
Affordability 4.60 Strongly Agree 4.56 Strongly Agree
Finished project within allocated resources 4.64 Strongly Agree 4.48 Strongly Agree

The last part of the questionnaire asked the respondent regarding their perceptions about the effectiveness and suitability of using PPP in SCRP. This is important because it enables to measure how successful PPP in the project, in the perspective of those people who work together to achieve the goals and objectives of the project. The result showed that both of the sectors were very satisfied with application of PPP, focusing on its impact on the speed and quality of the outcome or deliverable (4.56, 4.64), information, skills and technology sharing (4.72, 4.53), the cost (4.60, 4.56) and how the finished project matched with the allocated or budgeted resources (4.64, 4.48).

The interview result showed that the respondents from both sector believe that PPP implementation in SCRP enables the entire success of the project, because it enables them to share or divide the vital tasks and jobs to be done, at the same time, because each and every private sector was best on their own field of their own industry, the result is high quality standard of the services and facilities offered. Because the tasks were already given to its respective contractor,http://www.ttc-switch.com/dissertation_writing/Engineering/2012/0228/1068.html  it helped in order to finish the job on time, within the allocated amount of resources declared in the planning processWith this, it had helped the government or the public sector to save huge amount of money and effort. However, according to the respondents, the best things attributed to the success of the project is the fact that PPP enables the private and public sector to communicate and work together, which enables them to be more informed, more trained and capable of handling different processes that are involved in the project. Therefore, at the end of the contract, the both of the sector can say that they have learnt something new in the partnership.