French nuclear power revelation（由代寫留學(xué)生dissertation中心提供）
Use only half a century, the French nuclear power culture life of people implanted, and talk about side of nuclear power, many French people are like a free talk like that

A few years ago, a resident of the French Chinese journalists and French friends together play SIMcity. From China's development mode she start, familiar to cover building, fix the road, busy trying. France's friend, each other a DaJian come up nuclear power plants and thermal power plant, and then to the high-voltage grid is near the city, "first, power generation, to sell electricity to make money!" --so, rely on the economic development of nuclear power lead mode, would have hidden in French in the brain. This of course and French developed the nuclear power industry are inseparable.

Nuclear power firmly embedded into every aspect of social life

In France, nuclear power and the life of the ordinary people how close?

In early march this year, when Japan f island because of the earthquake in nuclear power plant nuclear leak crisis, the French first broadsheet le monde newspaper in the online reader information immediately solicitation, sorted out of representative speak, almost every section are beginning with the words: "my home, the distance from so-and-so nuclear power station, just a few kilometres away." The shortest distance, only 300 meters; A long, general also can't more than 50 kilometers. Some say, live in between two nuclear power plants, door every morning, "go to the north, see" when Pierre '(nuclear power station) the great chimneys, went to the east, it is?' belleville '(nuclear power station). But, I would have used to it." Some people said, was born in nuclear reactor side, and now moved to rhone valley, "but also a nuclear power station and the neighbor!" A reader this to say that in today's France, almost few residents living in a 200 km within can't find the place where the nuclear power station.

French nuclear security agency web site statistics show that at present the French with 19 nuclear plant, a total of 58 reactors in work, with the national about 80% of the power supply. In the world, the French nuclear total installed after the United States, but considering the United States from the 1980 s has been comprehensively to stop nuclear power plant construction and France has always been catch up, so that the world the kingdom is an nuclear power industry developed, nuclear power depends on the highest state, there is no doubt that roughly. The French have can't imagine, if one day suddenly without nuclear power, how to life-" cancel nuclear power? We dishwasher, washing machine, the dryer, rely on what work?" Since 1956 the first nuclear power plants put into use, France with half a century of time quietly finished energy type conversion, the nuclear power firmly embedded into every aspect of social life.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Nuclear power to the benefits of the French people, be clear at a glance. Because the operation cost is low, nuclear power price is only 60% of the electricity price traditional coal power, so the French have enjoyed Europe's most cheap electricity charges. Because the use of nuclear power, France would have realized the energy independence, this means that when winter comes, the transmission to Europe from Russia's natural gas supply for Russia and Ukraine (g LAN) dispute and suddenly, when more than less, the French can secure hiding in the warm house, and did not need to worry because "gas shortage" and AiDong. Because nuclear power plants all over France around the country, and so it will give local people provide lots of jobs that were some people as a "that laid the golden eggs chicken". In recent years, the French continue to insist on nuclear power development strategy, and use of the third generation of nuclear power technology of new nuclear plants start again and again, the future of technology to workers' needs, will no doubt in a straight line.

Also some benefits, is potential. Because the use of nuclear power, France greenhouse gas emissions is relatively low. A statistics show that to develop nuclear power that France less 345 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year, and the per kilowatt hour of carbon emissions is only 1/10 of the British or German. If say this is empty, so the following is really: France at present not only realize the energy independence, and "small have surpluses", each year, about 20% of the electricity to Italy, the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium-no wonder "sell electricity money" model of development so thorough popular feeling, let the French people will play SIMcity uncontrollably.

In March 2010, the French lead in Paris "international civil nuclear energy conference", calling out to international financial institutions to help energy shortage of national development of nuclear energy, high-profile French nuclear power technology promises in the open the door to other countries. The French so turned to want to sell nuclear power technology overseas, to make money, of course, or the hard truth.

In just half a century, the French government put nuclear power culture life of common people implanted, and talk about side of nuclear power, many French people are like a free talk like that: "we were brought up to learn and nuclear power relevant knowledge, for example once accident, how should we do." Life in nuclear power plants around them, from the relevant institutions will receive regular the printed booklet, tell you the nuclear accident emergency knowledge, they can also get free to drugstore tablets for one thousand. As the only nuclear power operator, the French electricity company every year about one hundred thousand people visit the organization around the nuclear power station, to eliminate people to nuclear power mystique and fear. Although there are still people doubt to nuclear power, but more people had not consciously accept the nuclear power station side: "don't hydropower is safe? If really earthquake, I'm actually more worried about in the overhead suspension dam."#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Polls showed that in 1978, the French only 30% of respondents support nuclear power, to 2003 approval rating has risen to 52%. Japan leakage occurs after the crisis, the French le figaro properly with polls, in 10789 people investigated, up to 74.25% of people choose should continue to use of nuclear energy.

Careful nuclear strategy play a decisive role

Of course, the French nuclear power development today, the government's leading work played a decisive role.

In 1945, at the request of general Charles DE gaulle, French founded the atomic energy agency. The organization's first job is to develop the atomic bomb. Later, atomic energy agency research work of the civil field to gradually to tilt. Allegedly, the transformation is only in order to "let have been for a long time for his military plan benefits, and not just become will only eat the bottomless money". In 1956, the French build its first nuclear power plants. By 1972, the French have built four power plants, they constitute the use graphite gas-cooled reactor's first generation of nuclear power (now already all retired).

The last two oil crisis from France to the energy shortage of pain, prompted the government to make energy strategy: through the development of nuclear power, energy DuLiHua road walk. To achieve this goal, the French government made careful to deploy.

First is straighten out the system. The chernobyl nuclear power plant's mistake, from part of operation units and safety watchdog mixed together, operation units and their safety, France decided to develop nuclear power from the day will set the "double track" model of development: nuclear power operation over all the French electricity company to do, and the safety supervision under another independent agencies-the nuclear administration. To its credit, the French since then can according to nuclear power development situation, and constantly update nuclear energy development and supervision mechanism.

In 1991, the increase in the number of nuclear waste for rapid, France formed a completely independent radioactive waste administration (ANDRA), the radioactive waste (including medical and other occasions produce of nuclear waste) execute special long-term management. In 2006, according to the "nuclear transparent and nuclear security 2006-686, law (TSN method)" founded the new French nuclear security agency (ASN), overall supervision of the French civil nuclear production, in order to make "the public and the environment from the threat of nuclear production risk". Specific tell, nuclear security there are two major functions: first, to formulate relevant policies and regulations of nuclear power, nuclear power production and construction supervision; Second, regularly report to the public supervision. Nuclear security administration have their own magazines and official club website, published every year for a four hundred-page report, not only good news, will also suffer. Many in the inspection found in the safe hidden trouble, will not spare exposure to common people before.#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Living in France, through the landing nuclear security administration web site at any time of the nuclear power station know their side. In April, 2007, the French in Nashville flnaders start the first third generation of nuclear reactor construction (EPR, Europe PWR), if we now on nuclear security agency web site, immediately can see related to this rich information. First is the project progress, Nashville flnaders unit 3 internal concrete casting work has been completed last year, the first layer metal protective bubble has also installed in place, such as steam pipe laying, other emergency shelter, cooling device project also will be in this year ending in succession. Over this period, the more detailed content and safety inspection of the. Careful people will find that with engineering draws to a close, nuclear security safety inspection is incredibly: 2007 is 8 times, 2008 years up to 14 times, 2009 years up to 24 times, not only to maintain this plan this year still frequency, and according to the actual situation of the many temporary tan30%. In the 2009 report, architects no holds barred points out: the construction of the violation of the operating rules been present behavior, timely correcting besides, they have decided to "enhance the inspection".

At the same time, nuclear security also listed to the public this year's check key: two-thirds in the technical level, mainly including circuit system, all kinds of civil engineering, and machine assembly; A third for management system, for example, a study of the site emergency management level, pay attention to the workers working conditions, and may even pay attention to use whether to conform to the safety norms crane...... In fact, in nuclear security inspection of unit 3, not only at the site can see content. For example, the use of unit 3 various cable directly from buyers, it will be necessary to these cable sampling inspection, make sure the site is in qualified products. These contents listed above, it is only a brief outline of the disclosure, the more detailed content in the annual report will further retrieval; Also, the inspection only to unit 3, Nashville, nuclear power station on the site staff more early construction in the no. 1 and 2 # unit, and the other has a follow-up inspection system at any time.

France has two hundred a variety of cheese, nuclear power units but only a kind of

The strict supervision procedure, transparent information mechanism, no matter whether the French completely voluntary, I'm afraid of the government's nuclear power has been difficult to strategic gossiping. But again, to make nuclear power production safer, cheaper and more convenient public life and industrial production, the government's layout does spend enough idea.

One is, the unity of French nuclear power is very strong. The 19 a nuclear power plant in active service listed a list out, can see the uniform: 1985 years ago put into production of a nuclear power plant operation 9 active service, all of the use of 900 megawatts (mw) pressure water reactor; Then again the nuclear power plant production, all of the same 1300 megawatts (mw) pressure water reactor (2000 and 2002 put in shultz, west walter two nuclear power plants, used as an exception, a bit respectively 1450 mw and 1495 mw PWR). All kinds of nuclear power stations, all belong to two nuclear power generation technology, combined with generator unification, the benefits of standardization is greatly saving management and operation cost and improve the safety factor. With this in mind, the French in oil prices to fall to turn over rising today, long-term stability and low civil and industrial electricity price, and let the other side of the American people admire: "although French cheese has two hundred a variety of, its nuclear power units but only a kind of!"#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

Another, because from the beginning is determined to develop nuclear power, nuclear power of the layout of the French are reasonable, the western coastal and inland river near the area, the nuclear power station will set pieces. The man is hostile nuclear power complaining about wherever collided head-on with nuclear power plants, but carefully cloth good nuclear power network also avoid long-distance, high power transmission cost and loss, this is cheap price of French keep important reasons.

Down, play shall not be

Often in the river walk, which have not wet shoes? France's nuclear power, it is not without problems.

Town albertville, is located in the Alps deep valley. Walk up along the slope, the air is fresh, and the lush, shepherd of the figure is everywhere. Long-term since, the villagers here by the gift of the environment, to France to provide only rely on natural grass and spring water of high quality feed cattle. In 1992, the albertville was held the 16 th Olympic winter games-but few know, here is the largest nuclear pollution French scandal occurred, even in place during winter games, pollution is still going on.

In 1984, a nuclear waste treatment plant in adjacent to the Iraq albertville moselle ground-broken river, but for France continuously improve nuclear waste incinerators standard, the nuclear waste treatment plant for processing power is low and pay attention, but 1995 called investors the conference turned down a local government reform proposals. At the same time, life in the albertville residents feel life quality decreased obviously, every night air will become pungent, the house often thick, black ash accrued. A spread disease survey report shows that local leukemia and sarcoma surge in patients. In October 2001, incineration plant emergency shut down, because pollutants have influence soil and mountain spring, forced to a large cattle slaughtered around the farm. Many local people to join a group called citizens struggle against pollution alliance "non-governmental organization, planning to get a statement for himself.

Albertville happened, for national strategy against nuclear power provided this excuse: maybe we began to do well, but as everyone to the nuclear power day after day habit, the government and the public will gradually lose should be vigilant and careful? Some worry that the, the nuclear power plant construction engineering subcontract is more and more, contracting chamber of commerce in order to hold down costs and will not ignore the quality?

Someone complain, anti-radiation exercise should be held regularly, but "since 1996 I moved here, one of these exercises are not meet". Others find, thoughtful guard against regulations into JuWen seems to gradually, the original often see knowledge from life quietly disappear in the manual, pharmacy will no longer supply the free of tablets, "we home tablets, but has been expired." More because someone suspect the government information open channel is not true, straight-tempered pre-emptive, active escape from nuclear power plants: "I and a recent nuclear power plants, and it has more than two hundred km distance."#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#

But, the implementation of the years of nuclear strategy, how can disappear overnight in a clean? When f island of trouble nuclear power station, experts have called for in the newspaper for the people give up nuclear power calculate a pen XiZhang: if the transformation from now on for cleaner solar and wind energy, so the 2030 set to replace the goal of all nuclear power term (solar and wind power their respective share 50%), France at least to build 2000 square kilometers of photovoltaic panels (years progress 100 square kilometers), 3400 land wind generator (years progress 170 units) and 8400 sets of offshore wind generator (years progress 420 units).

The question is: is there enough French construction speed and construction land? Consider to nuclear power generating cost a lot higher than the, the idea is so not reality. As for the voluntary escape from nuclear power of man, a self-described have a self-sufficient life-living in the boat, collect all kinds of waste from the surrounding vineyard kept warm, by the simple life for himself to provide low power, but this kind of half life of Robinson type choice, let other people can't imitate.

法國核電啟示錄（由留學(xué)生dissertation代寫中心提供）

僅用半個(gè)世紀(jì)， 法國就把核電文化植入百姓的生活，而談起身邊的核電， 很多法國人就像聊家常那樣自在
幾年前，一個(gè)常駐法國的中國記者和法國朋友在一起玩SIMcity。她從中國的發(fā)展模式出發(fā)，駕輕就熟地蓋大樓，修馬路，忙得不亦樂乎。輪到法國朋友了，對方一上來就大建核電站和火力發(fā)電廠，然后把高壓電網(wǎng)通向臨近的城市，“先發(fā)電，再賣電賺錢！”——原來，靠核電引領(lǐng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展模式，早就潛藏在法國人的大腦里。這當(dāng)然和法國發(fā)達(dá)的核電工業(yè)密不可分。
核電牢牢嵌進(jìn)社會(huì)生活每個(gè)層面
在法國，核電和普通人的生活到底有多密切？
今年3月初，當(dāng)日本福島核電站因?yàn)榈卣鹣萑牒诵孤段C(jī)的時(shí)候，法國第一大報(bào)《世界報(bào)》隨即在網(wǎng)上征集讀者信息，整理出來的代表性發(fā)言，幾乎每段都用這樣的話開頭：“我的家，距離某某核電站只有幾公里之遙。”距離最短的，只有300米；長一點(diǎn)的，一般也不會(huì)超過50公里。有人說，自己生活在兩座核電站之間，每天早上出門，“向北走，看到‘當(dāng)皮埃爾’（核電站）的巨大煙囪；往東呢，則是‘貝爾維爾’（核電站）。不過，我早就習(xí)慣了。”還有人說，自己就出生在核反應(yīng)堆旁邊，現(xiàn)在搬家到了羅訥河谷，“沒想到又和一座核電站做了鄰居！”一個(gè)讀者言之鑿鑿地說，在今天的法國，幾乎鮮有居民生活在方圓200公里以內(nèi)找不到核電站的地方。
法國核安全局網(wǎng)站上的數(shù)據(jù)顯示：目前法國共有19座核電站，總共58個(gè)反應(yīng)堆在工作，提供全國80%左右的電力供應(yīng)。在世界上，法國的核電裝機(jī)總量僅次于美國，但是考慮到美國從上世紀(jì)80年代已經(jīng)全面叫停核電站建設(shè)而法國一直迎頭趕上，那么說法國是世界上核電工業(yè)最發(fā)達(dá)、對核電依賴程度最高的國家，大致是沒有什么疑問的。法國人已經(jīng)無法想象，假如有一天突然沒有了核電，自己還怎么生活——“取消核電？我們的洗碗機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、烘干機(jī)，靠什么工作？”自從1956年第一座核電站投入使用，法國用半個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間悄悄完成了能源類型轉(zhuǎn)換，把核電牢牢嵌進(jìn)社會(huì)生活的每個(gè)層面。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
核電給法國人帶來的好處，一目了然。因?yàn)檫\(yùn)營成本低，核電電價(jià)僅是傳統(tǒng)煤電電價(jià)的60%，所以法國人一直享受著歐洲最廉價(jià)的電費(fèi)。因?yàn)榇罅渴褂煤穗姡▏缇蛯?shí)現(xiàn)了能源獨(dú)立，這就意味著每當(dāng)寒冬來臨、從俄羅斯傳輸?shù)綒W洲的天然氣供應(yīng)量因?yàn)槎頌酰颂m）糾紛而忽多忽少的時(shí)候，法國人可以安心躲在溫暖的屋里，完全不用擔(dān)心因?yàn)?ldquo;氣荒”而挨凍。因?yàn)楹穗娬颈椴挤▏鞯兀运鼤?huì)給當(dāng)?shù)厝颂峁┐罅烤蜆I(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，以至被某些人視為“一只會(huì)下金蛋的雞”。最近幾年，法國繼續(xù)堅(jiān)持核電發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，使用第三代核電技術(shù)的新核電廠一再開工，未來對技術(shù)工人的需求，無疑會(huì)直線上升。
還有些好處，是潛在的。因?yàn)榇罅渴褂煤穗姡▏鴾厥覛怏w排放量相對較低。有統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字表明，發(fā)展核電使法國每年少排放3.45億噸二氧化碳，而其每千瓦小時(shí)的碳排放量僅是英國或者德國的1/10。假如說這還比較虛，那么下面的就很實(shí)在：法國目前不但實(shí)現(xiàn)能源獨(dú)立，而且“小有盈余”，每年約有20%的電力輸送到意大利、荷蘭、德國和比利時(shí)——難怪“賣電賺錢”的發(fā)展模式如此深入人心，讓法國人在玩SIMcity時(shí)都會(huì)不由自主。
2010年3月，法國牽頭在巴黎舉行“國際民用核能會(huì)議”，大聲呼喚國際金融機(jī)構(gòu)幫助能源短缺國家開發(fā)核能，高調(diào)承諾法國在核能發(fā)電技術(shù)上向其他國家敞開大門。法國如此起勁地想把核電技術(shù)推銷到海外，賺錢當(dāng)然還是硬道理。
僅僅用了半個(gè)世紀(jì)，法國政府就把核電文化植入老百姓的生活，而談起身邊的核電，很多法國人就像聊家常那樣自在：“我們從小就學(xué)習(xí)與核電有關(guān)的各種知識(shí)，比如說一旦發(fā)生意外，我們應(yīng)該怎么辦。”生活在核電站周圍的人，會(huì)從相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)定期收到印刷精美的小冊子，告訴大家有關(guān)核電事故的應(yīng)急知識(shí)，他們也可以到藥店領(lǐng)取免費(fèi)碘片以備萬一。作為法國惟一的核電運(yùn)營商，法國電力公司每年組織大約十萬人參觀各地的核電站，借此消除人們對核電的神秘感和恐懼心理。盡管仍然有人對核電心存疑慮，但是更多的人早已不自覺地接受身邊的核電站：“難道水電就安全嗎？假如真的發(fā)生地震，我其實(shí)更擔(dān)心懸在頭頂?shù)拇髩巍?rdquo;
民意調(diào)查顯示，1978年法國只有30%的被調(diào)查者支持核電，到2003年支持率已經(jīng)攀升到52%。日本發(fā)生泄漏危機(jī)后，法國《費(fèi)加羅報(bào)》適時(shí)推出民意測試，在接受調(diào)查的10789人中，高達(dá)74.25%的人選擇應(yīng)該繼續(xù)利用核能。
周密的核能戰(zhàn)略起到?jīng)Q定性作用
當(dāng)然，法國核電發(fā)展到今天，政府的引領(lǐng)工作起到了決定性作用。
1945年，在戴高樂將軍的授意下，法國成立了原子能署。這一機(jī)構(gòu)的最初工作是研制原子彈。后來，原子能署的科研工作漸漸向民用領(lǐng)域傾斜。據(jù)稱，這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變僅僅是為了“讓已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了很久的軍用計(jì)劃為自己撈回收益，而不致變成只會(huì)吃錢的無底洞”。1956年，法國建成自己的第一座核電站。到1972年，法國相繼建成4座核電站，它們構(gòu)成了使用石墨氣冷反應(yīng)堆的第一代核電（現(xiàn)已經(jīng)全部退役）。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
上世紀(jì)的兩次石油危機(jī)讓法國飽受能源短缺的痛苦，促使政府重新制定能源戰(zhàn)略：通過開發(fā)核電，走能源獨(dú)立化道路。為實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)，法國政府做了周密部署。
首先是理順體制。切爾諾貝利核電站的失誤，一部分源自運(yùn)營單位和安全監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)混在一起，運(yùn)營單位自己監(jiān)督自己的安全，法國從決定發(fā)展核電的那天開始就制訂了“雙軌制”的發(fā)展模式：核電運(yùn)營全部交給法國電力公司打理，而把安全監(jiān)督劃歸另一個(gè)獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)——核管理局。值得稱道的是，法國此后還能根據(jù)核電發(fā)展情況，不斷更新核能發(fā)展和監(jiān)督機(jī)制。
1991年，因?yàn)楹藦U料數(shù)量增長迅速，法國組建了完全獨(dú)立的放射性廢棄物管理局（ANDRA），對放射性廢棄物（也包括醫(yī)療等其他場合產(chǎn)生的核廢料）實(shí)行專項(xiàng)長效管理。2006年，根據(jù)“核透明與核安全第2006-686 號法令（TSN法）”成立了全新的法國核安全局（ASN），全面監(jiān)督法國的民用核生產(chǎn)，以使“公眾與環(huán)境免遭核生產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的威脅”。具體講，核安全局主要有兩大功能：其一，制定與核能有關(guān)的政策法規(guī)，監(jiān)督核電生產(chǎn)和建設(shè)；其二，定期向公眾通報(bào)監(jiān)管情況。核安全局有自己的雜志和官網(wǎng)，每年都要發(fā)表一份長達(dá)四百多頁的年報(bào)，不光報(bào)喜，還會(huì)報(bào)憂。許多在檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)的安全隱患，會(huì)毫不留情地暴露在老百姓面前。
生活在法國的人，可以通過登陸核安全局網(wǎng)站隨時(shí)了解自己身邊的那個(gè)核電站。2007年4月，法國在弗拉芒維爾啟動(dòng)第一臺(tái)第三代核反應(yīng)堆建設(shè)（EPR，歐洲壓水堆），假如我們現(xiàn)在登陸核安全局網(wǎng)站，立刻可以看到與此相關(guān)的豐富信息。首先是工程進(jìn)展，弗拉芒維爾3號機(jī)組內(nèi)部混凝土澆筑工作去年已經(jīng)完成，第一層金屬保護(hù)罩也已經(jīng)安裝到位，其他諸如蒸汽管道鋪設(shè)、緊急避難所、冷卻裝置等工程，也將在今年陸續(xù)收尾。跳過這一段，更詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容和安全檢查有關(guān)。細(xì)心人會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著工程接近尾聲，核安全局的安全檢查日漸繁密：2007年是8次，2008年上升為14次，2009年提高到24次，今年不但計(jì)劃仍然保持這個(gè)頻率，還要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況多次臨時(shí)抽檢。在2009年的報(bào)告里，撰寫者毫不留情地指出：施工方多次出現(xiàn)違反操作規(guī)程的行為，及時(shí)糾正之外，他們已經(jīng)決定“加大檢查力度”。
同時(shí)，核安全局還向公眾列出今年的檢查重點(diǎn)：2/3針對技術(shù)層面，主要包括電路系統(tǒng)，各種土木工程，還有機(jī)器裝配；1/3針對管理系統(tǒng)，比如說，考察工地的應(yīng)急管理水平，關(guān)注工人的勞動(dòng)條件，甚至可能留意到起重機(jī)使用是否符合安全規(guī)范……其實(shí)，核安全局針對3號機(jī)組的各類檢查，并不局限在工地上能看到的內(nèi)容。比如說，3號機(jī)組使用的種種電纜直接來自采購商，那么就有必要對這些電纜進(jìn)行抽檢，確保進(jìn)入工地的都是合格產(chǎn)品。上面列舉的這些內(nèi)容，僅是簡報(bào)披露的大綱，更詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容會(huì)在年報(bào)里進(jìn)一步檢索到；而且，這些檢查僅僅針對3號機(jī)組，弗拉芒維爾核電站工地上更早動(dòng)工的1號和2號機(jī)組，另有一套隨時(shí)跟進(jìn)的檢查體系。#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
法國奶酪有兩百多種，核電機(jī)組卻只有一種
嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)督程序，透明的信息機(jī)制，不管法國人是否完全自愿，恐怕已經(jīng)難以對政府的核電戰(zhàn)略說三道四。不過話又說回來，為讓核電生產(chǎn)更安全、更便宜、更方便公眾生活和工業(yè)生產(chǎn)，政府在布局上也確實(shí)花費(fèi)了足夠心思。
一個(gè)是，法國核電的統(tǒng)一性非常強(qiáng)。把19座現(xiàn)役核電站列一個(gè)單子出來，可以明顯看到這種統(tǒng)一：1985年以前投產(chǎn)運(yùn)行的9座現(xiàn)役核電站，全部使用900兆瓦壓水反應(yīng)堆；此后再投產(chǎn)的核電站，清一色的1300兆瓦壓水反應(yīng)堆（2000年和2002年投產(chǎn)的舒茲、西沃兩座核電站有點(diǎn)破例，分別使用了1450兆瓦和1495兆瓦壓水堆）。所有現(xiàn)役核電站，都屬于二代核電技術(shù)，再加上發(fā)電機(jī)組高度統(tǒng)一，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的好處就是大大節(jié)省了管理和運(yùn)營成本，提高了安全系數(shù)。有了這樣的眼光，法國才能在油價(jià)翻著跟頭往上漲的今天，長期保持穩(wěn)定而低廉的民用和工業(yè)電價(jià)，同時(shí)讓大洋彼岸的美國人羨慕不已：“別看法國的奶酪有兩百多種，它的核電機(jī)組卻只有一種！”
另一個(gè)，因?yàn)閺囊婚_始就下決心發(fā)展核電，法國核電的布局也非常合理，瀕海的西部，還有內(nèi)陸靠近河流的地區(qū)，都會(huì)布下核電站這顆棋子。敵視核電的人固然抱怨自己無論走到哪里都與核電站迎面相撞，但是精心布好的核電網(wǎng)絡(luò)也避免了遠(yuǎn)距離、大功率傳輸?shù)某杀竞蛽p耗，這也是法國保持低廉電價(jià)的重要原因。
退堂鼓，打不得
常在河邊走，哪有不濕鞋？法國的核電，絕非毫無問題。
小城阿爾貝維爾，坐落在阿爾卑斯山谷地深處。沿著山坡向上漫步，空氣清新，綠草如茵，牧羊人的身影隨處可見。長期以來，這里的山民靠著天賜的環(huán)境，向法國提供只依靠天然牧草和泉水喂大的優(yōu)質(zhì)牲畜。1992年，阿爾貝維爾還舉辦了第16屆冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)——不過很少有人知道，這里竟是法國最大的核污染丑聞發(fā)生地，即使在冬奧會(huì)舉辦期間，污染仍在繼續(xù)。
1984年，一座核廢料處理廠在毗鄰阿爾貝維爾的伊澤爾河畔破土動(dòng)工，后來因?yàn)榉▏粩嗵岣吆藦U料焚化爐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這座核廢料處理廠因?yàn)樘幚砟芰ζ投鹱⒁猓?995年召開的投資方會(huì)議拒絕了地方政府的改造建議。與此同時(shí)，生活在阿爾貝維爾的居民感到生活質(zhì)量明顯下降，空氣每到晚上會(huì)變得辛辣刺鼻，屋里常常積下厚厚的黑灰。一份流傳病調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示，當(dāng)?shù)匕籽『腿饬龌颊邤?shù)量激增。2001年10月，處理廠焚化爐緊急關(guān)閉，因?yàn)槲廴疚镌缫延绊懩嗤梁蜕饺車r(nóng)場被迫大量宰殺牲畜。很多當(dāng)?shù)厝思尤氲揭粋€(gè)名叫“反對污染公民斗爭聯(lián)盟”的民間組織，打算為自己討個(gè)說法。
阿爾貝維爾發(fā)生的事情，為反對國家核電戰(zhàn)略的人提供了這樣的口實(shí)：也許我們一開始做得很好，但是隨著大家對核電一天天習(xí)慣，政府和公眾會(huì)不會(huì)漸漸喪失應(yīng)有的警惕和謹(jǐn)慎？有人擔(dān)心，核電建設(shè)里工程轉(zhuǎn)包越來越多，承包商會(huì)不會(huì)為了壓低成本而忽略了質(zhì)量？#p#分頁標(biāo)題#e#
有人抱怨，防輻射演習(xí)應(yīng)該定期舉行，但是“自從1996年我搬到這里，一次這樣的演習(xí)都沒遇到”。也有人發(fā)現(xiàn)，周到的防范條例似乎漸成具文，原來經(jīng)常見到的知識(shí)手冊從生活里悄悄消失，藥店也不再供應(yīng)免費(fèi)的碘片，“我們家里的碘片，卻早已過期了。”更有人因?yàn)閼岩烧畔⒐_渠道并不真實(shí)，索性先發(fā)制人，主動(dòng)逃離核電站：“我和最近的一座核電站，也保持了兩百公里以上距離。”
但是，執(zhí)行了多年的核電戰(zhàn)略，怎么可能在一夜間消失得干干凈凈？當(dāng)福島核電站麻煩不斷的時(shí)候，專家已經(jīng)在報(bào)紙上為呼吁放棄核電的人算了一筆細(xì)賬：假使從現(xiàn)在開始轉(zhuǎn)型為更清潔的太陽能和風(fēng)能，那么把2030年設(shè)定為全部替代核電的目標(biāo)期限（太陽能和風(fēng)能各自分?jǐn)?0%），法國至少要建2000平方公里的光伏電板（年進(jìn)度100平方公里），3400臺(tái)陸上風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)（年進(jìn)度170臺(tái)）和8400臺(tái)海上風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)（年進(jìn)度420臺(tái)）。
問題在于：法國是否有足夠的建設(shè)速度和建設(shè)用地？再考慮到高出核電很多的發(fā)電成本，這種想法就顯得如此不現(xiàn)實(shí)。至于那個(gè)自愿逃離核電的老兄，自詡過著自給自足的生活——住在船上，從周圍葡萄園收集各種廢料燒火取暖，順便為自己簡單的生活提供微薄的電力，但是這種半魯賓遜式的生活選擇，讓旁人實(shí)在難以效法。由留學(xué)生dissertation代寫網(wǎng)中心提供