Literature Review怎么寫？Write a Literature Review-怎么寫Literature Review呢？

1. Introduction
Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.
2. Components
Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:
四個(gè)階段
• Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?
• 問題規(guī)劃：正在研究的主題或者領(lǐng)域以及構(gòu)成的問題
• Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
• 文獻(xiàn)搜索：找到搜索主題的相關(guān)材料
• Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
• 數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估：確定哪些文獻(xiàn)對(duì)于主題的理解有重要的貢獻(xiàn)
• Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature
• 分析與說(shuō)明：討論調(diào)查結(jié)果以及相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的結(jié)論
Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:
文獻(xiàn)綜述應(yīng)該包含四個(gè)要素
• An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review
• 主題、問題或者所考慮到的理論的概述，和文獻(xiàn)綜述的目標(biāo)
• Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)
• 將著作分類（支持某個(gè)立場(chǎng)的，反對(duì)某個(gè)立場(chǎng)的，還有兩者皆同意的）
• Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
• 闡釋每一本著作與其他著作的相似和相同之處
• Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research
• 得出結(jié)論，關(guān)于在討論中哪部分最好，最有說(shuō)服力，對(duì)于研究領(lǐng)域的理解和發(fā)展做出的貢獻(xiàn)最大
In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:
評(píng)價(jià)每一部分，應(yīng)該考慮到：
• Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?
• 出處：作者的資格？作者的論證是否有證據(jù)來(lái)支持（如基本史料、個(gè)案研究、敘述統(tǒng)計(jì)、最近的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)）？
• Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point? #p#分頁(yè)標(biāo)題#e#
• 客觀性：作者的觀點(diǎn)是否公正或存在偏見？有沒有相反的數(shù)據(jù)？忽略了某些相關(guān)的信息來(lái)證明作者的觀點(diǎn)嗎？
• Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?
• 說(shuō)服力：作者的那個(gè)論題最或最不令人信服？
• Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?
• 價(jià)值：作者的論證和結(jié)論是否有說(shuō)服力？著作最終是否對(duì)理解主題有任何重要貢獻(xiàn)？

3. Definition and Use/Purpose
A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:
文獻(xiàn)綜述可能會(huì)設(shè)立一個(gè)必不可少的論題章節(jié)，或者是獨(dú)立的綜述。任何一種情況，目的都在于：
• Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review
• 將每部著作放置于其理解主題的貢獻(xiàn)的背景中
• Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
• 描述每部著作與考慮到的其他著作的關(guān)系
• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
• 認(rèn)同闡述的新方式，清楚顯示出之前研究的任何缺陷
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
• 解決表面看上去互相矛盾的先前的研究之間的沖突
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
• Literature Review怎么寫？Write a Literature Review-怎么寫Literature Review呢？
• Point the way forward for further research
• 指出進(jìn)一步研究的方向
• Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature
• 在現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)的背景中列出某人的原著（關(guān)于論題或者dissertation）
The literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.
文獻(xiàn)綜述不列出最基本的知識(shí)。