2. Literature Review

2.1 Culture Education

2.1.1 Definition of the culture education

The culture education is a society phenomenon that created by the people in the longtime. At the same time, it is also historical phenomenon, social and historical sediment. Critically speaking, culture is history、geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, way of life, literature and art, behavior standards, the mode of thinking, the value of these countries and nations. 

Education is to train a person's social practice activity. General education "refers to a destination of all affect the person's physical and mental development of social practice activity. The special education mainly refers to the school education, namely educators should according to requirements of the society and the pedagogue law of development, with targets, plans and organizations in the body and mind of the instructions influence, expect to happen by educators of expected changes activities. Education is the human society characteristic social phenomenon, with the generation and development of human society and production, the development up (with the human society has education).

2.1.2 Classify of the culture

In the west, the culture education was paid close attention easily. In the early medieval period, the traditional classical literature course is involved in cultural teaching (Chris and Nation, 2002). By extension, culture refers to the human in the society in the process of historical development created the sum total of the material and spiritual wealth. It includes material culture; system culture and psychology culture three aspects (Nieto, 1996). Material culture refers to human creation of all kinds of material civilization, including traffic tools, clothing, daily articles, etc, is a visible dominant culture; System culture and psychology culture separately referred to life system, family system and social system and way of thinking, religious belief, aesthetic temperament and interest, they are not visible to the recessive culture. Special culture is to show people common social habits, such as the basic necessities, customs, life style, behavior standard (Phinney and Jean, 1996). According to these contents of the classes, it not only introduced history and geography of the Roman Empire systematic, and it also introduces the ancient People's Daily life. However, it is clearly that the cultural factors did not become the important contents of the English language learning until 20 centuries. During this procedure, different countries obtained a series of achievements on the culture education. In recent years, all countries in the world paid more attention on the national culture and cultivate national spirit education.

2.1.3 Research on the culture education

The purpose of this kind of culture education is not to help learners to cross cultural barriers, specific to use the language (Kane, 1997). The research of the culture education started and boom after the First World War. In that stage, the research of the German culture teaching had the German nationalism color. And in such certain period, the fascist Germany, culture teaching paid more attention on the Germany culture which makes the students more enjoy the Germany culture. So the culture education is not scientific and perfect (Wang, 2008). For the culture education of the college, the research of it is increased and creative yean after year. Many countries averted their national consciousness of the propaganda and promotion on the important position. It also takes this to train qualified citizens, to improve citizens' ideological and political quality. #p#分頁標題#e#

The scholars emphasized the patriotism education for its citizen’s education priorities (Payne, 1997). The culture education is emphasized on the benefits for the students to learn knowledge. The United States is a nation of immigrants, and it has gathered the kinds of different races in the world. So the different culture convergence here and must cause many cultural differences (Nunan, 1988). The issues such as the race, immigration and others in the United States are more and more serious. 

According to this schedule, the culture education need to have the opportunity to understand the ethnic culture group or the differences between countries, identity in the target language country or group member of experience and thinking Angle and so on(Madaus and Kellaghan, 1992).. Through these practice, its benefits for use the native culture of customs and thinking habit to understand the history. It emphasized the purpose of culture teaching in addition to the ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing. And the learners can request with another culture of harmonious communication office. And in some countries, the earliest foreign Russian official put forward such a foreign culture teaching methods. The scholar Komarovski publishes a book which aims to introduce the basic contents and meaning of the culture education. 

2.2 Research aim

This research is mainly to study the modern situation of the culture education in Chinese. The problem I want to investigate the situation in the Chinese culture education. Based on the lots of the literatures that related with the culture education in the college, it is clearly that in the developed country, the culture education is a little advanced and obtained a series of achievements for the relative research than the developing country. For example, in Chinese college, although the culture education has had some achievements, it still exist many issues and problems in the practice. So, based on the explanation above, the analysis of the Chinese culture education in college can be much more clear and scientific that according to the merits and demerits of the other countries’ methods, the experiences and these lessons and so on. This research mainly study on the culture education in the college, and this paper choose the Chinese as the research object. Through the analysis and discuss, the paper will explain the situation, the issues of the Chinese culture education, after discussion, the research can providing some suggestions for the Chinese culture education which can improve the development of the Chinese university education. In order to research the objects better, providing the relative resources about the culture education is necessary. Only knowing the relative research about the objects, it can reach a scientifically and perfect results.  

2.3 Basic situation on the Culture Education in Chinese

In china, the concept of the “culture teaching” was proposed formal in the early 1990s in the relative language and culture research literature. The interest of cross-cultural communication mainly focused on or limited in the culture education world. And in the aspect of awareness, it also gives priority to vocabulary, language, customs, and communication with the level of language communication. The culture education in college is the popular topic in China university culture education is the core and important in this essay, so the literature review of china is significant. And the culture education was introduced into china until the 1980s as a subject. In 1980, in the work of the Xu Guo Zhang, he published the discussion of the culture education (Kramsch Claire, 2001). At the same time, scholar He Dao Kuan compare the west and east distance of the culture education. #p#分頁標題#e#

Therefore, a large number of books on traditional culture were sorted out, compilation, publishing. Such as Zhang Qi Zhi, Gu Jian Hua wrote the "the China traditional culture education "respectively. Li Zong Gui, Zhou Dao Sheng published the "the China culture education introduction” respectively (Fries, 1945). At the same time, these research focus mainly on the following five areas: Chinese traditional philosophy, Chinese cultural history, Chinese and western cultural exchange, Chinese traditional cultural characteristic, the Chinese traditional culture and the modern relationship. Among the Chinese traditional culture and the modern research of the relationship, it has become a new theory of the main research field. Representative works are: Xu Qi Xian proposed that the traditional culture education and the modern culture education have many relations and similar which benefits for the further development of the university"(Carter and Nunan, 2001). Shang Ze Lin in his books explained the traditional concept of change that aware of the modern consciousness, etc.

Meanwhile, professor Hu Wen Zhong plays an important role in the culture education. He not only published a series of articles that comprehensive introduction of intercultural communication, research in the study of foreign culture teaching and learning of intercultural communication, he also research how to develop cross-cultural communication. In the 1980s, the Chinese traditional culture education problems caused the attention of people. In the traditional Chinese culture education, the premise condition is the traditional culture of the comprehensive understanding. He wrote and published many books which introduced many daily communications that close relation with the culture of the knowledge. It includes the basic necessities, social intercourse and holiday celebrations, weddings and culture connotation of certain words, the language communication, literary allusions, religious custom, values, and so on. These contents provide many new visions for the relative scholar and students that benefit for the further development of the Chinese culture education.

3. Methodology

3.1 Research methods

Based on the complexity and importance of the research aim in this project, the author chose a Chinese college as a case to study. From a detailed case, author is supposed to find a deep and common theory about the culture education in china. In order to reach the research aim, many measures were taken to get the require information and dates. The secondary research focuses on the necessary information introduction and belief illumination, which is mainly based on the materials from the websites of the relative college, administration office, kinds of date base and library. The principle function of this primary research tried to have enough realistic evaluation and realization about the Chinese culture education. The information and dates I taken from the questionnaires and personal interviews are all important for the research. In this report, there will be an initial communication with targeted groups of the supermarkets and the consumers. The application of questionnaires, interviews and online surveys can help me know more about the information I need.#p#分頁標題#e#

In this report, the researcher will use many research methods, such as the qualitative, quantitative argument. And it can do analysis from the data, the model establishment, the historical angle, the reality comparative study, from different countries research situation which comparison to identify analysis, etc. This paper mainly uses "literature research", "comparative analysis method”, and “Comparative analysis” and so on. University culture education is regarded as an important part in any county of the world. The development of the university culture education is the most important and meaningful things for the local culture improved. These methods used in the report are useful for the final result. 

In this report, the primary data collected via interviews or focus groups. And the secondary data collected from pre-published company reports/accounts, news articles, market/industry reports, textbooks, academic journal articles etc. The primary data collected via author’s investigation in person. Allowing for the complexity and importance of the research aim of this project, I chose a Chinese culture education as a case to do research. From the analysis in the report, author is supposed to find a deep and common theory about the different country of the culture education in the college. And the different methods used in the different countries. Specifically, the research methods which are used in this report are as following: 

The first method which is used in this report is qualitative method. The first is illustrative method. Exemplification is a mode of symbolization characterized by the relation between a sample and what it refers to. This paper uses Illustrative Method to describe the different culture education methods in the different countries. The second method which is used in this paper is quantitative method. Methodology is generally a guideline for solving a problem, with specific components such as phases, tasks, methods, techniques and tools. Some suggestions have been proposed. Thirdly, they were combination method. In this paper, the analysis of the case and the problem are all associated with theory and practice. It is more useful to make sure the analysis of the culture education issues in the Chinese.

3.2 Research aims

3.3 Resource Requirements 

In order to finish my research, I will spend much more time to find the dates and information from Chinese university where my research object existed. At the same time, I should collect the relevant dates and literatures. Chinese scholars’ findings are the import resources in this project. They are useful for the studies in this report. The principle function of this primary research tried to have enough realistic evaluation and realization about the Chinese culture education. The information and dates which I obtain from the questionnaires and personal interviews are important for the research, and it also benefits for the further research of this project.#p#分頁標題#e#

In addition, my friends in the China can provide me the useful original information, cases and the dates that my studies need. The dates and information which used in this essay were found from the objective college in China. I will find these data and information from the college, and try my best to know much more information about the culture education with the help of my friends and the scholars of the universities. In order to making sure the dates and information reliable and convenient for the further studies, I will collect more datum of more colleges in China. After the relative dates and information got, I will use the scientist methods to analysis these cases and dates. These datum benefits for the whole studies of the university culture education in china. 

At the same time, because the research object is the different countries, so the author has to collect primary data in China, it will spent much time on it. For the research, Chinese scholars’ findings are the import resources need in this project. They are useful for the studies in this report. The assistance from the Chinese is most important and ensure of true and practical of the information and datum. These friends can provide me the useful original information, cases and the dates. After all, the geographic and language space will cost lost of time.

3.4 Research ethics

First of all, to inspect others’ research achievements, the author will list clearly in the article when quoting all the references. Then author will not make the private information in my report publicly, including real name, and contact ways and so on.  In this report, the data used in the dissertation is all available in the public domain. So, there are no ethical problems in this report. The author wants to skew the data and information to produce an outcome for the purpose of the dissertation and only interpret the data with validity. The paper only involves public companies and there has been past research in the area, so it will not pose any ethical problems. 

3.5 Timetable of my research

In order to finish the report on time, in a high quality and efficiency, the following timetable was made for indicating the whole project.

Month Dissertation Activity (parts)

June Ensure the research objects and the Interviewee

July Collect the relevant information, case and the dates

August Analyze the relevant datum and secondary data with the science methods

September Finish the Chapter 1 and 2

October Complete the analyzing secondary data and datum#p#分頁標題#e#

November Finish the Chapter 3 and 4

December Check the results according to the practice and refining the report

January Ensure the final results of the results and Submit the report

References

Akitsu Nagasawa, John J. Finer (1999).Plant regeneration from embryogenic suspension cultures of Chinese yam.

Ambusher,B.B,Anderson(l990),The International Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation .Text book Analysis, Paragon Press..

Bastid-Bruguiere Mareanne,  The Modern Invention of Traditional Chinese Culture, Far Eastern Affairs, 2003. Vo1.31.

Bedford Hwang Kwang-Kuo(2003)，Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture: A Cross-cultural Framework from the Perspective of Morality and Identity, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour,Vo1.33.

Brooks, N.D(1964).Language and Language Leaming,New York:Harcout Brace Jovanovich.

Byram, M, C. Morgan (1994.). Teaching and Learning Language and Culture.Clevedon,UK: Multilingual Matters. 

Chris Woodyard(2002), National, Spirit fly without any loan help, USA Today, 08/19.

Carter, R, Nunan, D(2001). The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chris Woodyard, National(2002).Spirit fly without any loan help,  USA Today, 08/19.

Fries.C.C. (1945).Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language as a Foreign Language. University of Michigan Press ..

Kramsch Claire (2001). Language and Culture. Shanghai: http://www.ttc-switch.com/Thesis_Tips/Reference/Literature_Review/ Shanghai Foreign Teaching and Research Press.

Kane (1997). From ethnic exclusion to ethnic diversity:the Australian path to multiculturalism in I. Nomos. New York: NewYork University Press, vol 12(8),p:45-48.

Linda A. Camras, Yinghe Chen, Roger Bakeman, Katherine Norris(2002).Thomas R. Cain, Culture, Ethnicity, and Children's Facial Expressions:A Study of European American, Mainland Chinese, Chinese American, and Adopted Chinese Girls.

Madaus, G. F. Kellaghan,(1992).  Curriculum Evaluation and Assessment, in Handbook of Research on Curriculum, A project of the American Educational Research. Macmillan.

Marianne (2003),Bastid-Bruguiere The Modern Invention of Traditional Chinese Culture, Far Eastern Affairs, V01 .31.

Masashi Fujiwara, Yu Aizu, Itaru Shioya, Mutsumi Takagi(2001)，Fetal calf serum-free suspension culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells employing fish serum Journal of  Bioscience and Bioengineering, In Press.

Nunan, D(1988). The Learner -Centered Curriculum: A Study in Second Language .Teaching, Cambridge University Press,#p#分頁標題#e#

Nieto (1996), Affirm of Diversity: The Socio police test of Multi cultural Education, N.Y.vol 4(1), p: 14-17.

Payne (1997), Applied Educational Assessment, Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Phinney, Jean (1996). When We Talk About American Ethnic Groups, What Do We Mean? American Psychologist, vol 6(5), p: 36-39.

Robert Fordl(2003)，Daoism and Chinese Culture (Book), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Apr-Jun,Vo1 123.

Robert Lado(1964). Language Teaching A Scientific Approach. New York.

Volkman Toby Alice (2003), Embodying Chinese Culture, Social Text, spring, vol.21.

Wang, W.，Wang F. (2008). An Application and Study of Chinese Traditional Culture in Modern Art.  Asian social science, 4(9):96.

Wood, R (2001). Assessment and Testing: A survey of Research, London:Cambridge University Press.

Qing, N(2007). Traditional Chinese Culture and ELT. SAAL Quarterly,80 (11):2-14.