stay the same on return visits.

If the journal/magazine is electronic only ie has no print equivalent, there may be no page numbers and/or the numbering may not be by volume and issue. Give as much information as you can.

You may not be able to find page numbers for some electronic articles, even if there is a print equivalent.

(c) Other websites

Include author(s), year, title, [online], date you accessed the material and location (URL).

If you cannot identify an author, reference the work by title.

Media

(a) Off-air recordings – programmes recorded from terrestrial and satellite TV onto DVD or video. Include title, year, format, channel and date of screening

(b) Training and commercial programmes

Give as much information as you can and indicate the format.

(c) Feature films

Provide film title, year, format, director and production company.

RefWorks – bibliographic software

This is available via LitSearch. It enables you to create a database of references and produce bibliographies in a variety of formats.

REITZIG, Markus (2004). Strategic management of intellectual property. [online]. MIT Sloan management review, 45 (3), 35-40. Article from Business Source Premier last accessed 18 February 2006 at:

CHARAVARYAMATH, Chandrashekhar and SINGH, Baljit (2006). Pulmonary effects of exposure to pig barn air.

[online]. Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology, 1:10. Article from Biomed Central last accessed 26 June 2006 at:TOIBIN, Colm (2006). Pure evil. [online]. The Guardian,

3 June. Last accessed 13 March 2006 at:CRICK, Bernard (2002). George Orwell: voice of a long

generation. [online]. Last accessed 3 May 2006 at:http://www.ttc-switch.com/Thesis_Tips/Reference/Sheffield Botanical Gardens. (2005). [online]. Last accessed 23 February 2005 at: http://www.sbg.org.uk/

Introduction

This leaflet sets out Learning and IT Services’ (LITS) recommended practice for referencing and bibliographies, according to the Harvard Method. It is based on guidance from a range of British and international standards. More extensive information can be found on the student portal by searching for referencing.

Accurate and consistent referencing is essential in all academic work. Whenever you refer to either the work or ideas of someone, or are influenced by another’s work, you must acknowledge this. If you make a direct quotation from someone’s work, this should be referred to accurately. You should acknowledge your source in two places

• in the main body of the text (citing references)

• in a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the piece of work.

You are strongly advised to keep detailed records of all sources used, and to do this at the time you use them.

Citing references

Referring to someone else’s work or ideas in the text of your own work is known as ‘citing’. This should be acknowledged by quoting both the author’s last name (family name) and the date of the work in brackets.

This leads the reader to the bibliography, where the full reference appears. This is located at the end of your work. If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year only is given in brackets.

Page numbers should be included for direct quotations or reference to a particular part of an item.

For two or three authors, the names of all should be given.In the case of more than three authors, the first author only should be given, followed by et al.

If you cannot identify the author of a work, cite it by the title.

Bibliography / reference list

A reference list should contain full and accurate references for each item you have quoted or referred to in the body of your text. A bibliography also includes any other works used in your research. All references should give enough information to easily trace the material used.

According to the Harvard Method, references are arranged in one alphabetical sequence, by name of author, followed by date of publication. If there is no author, the item should be listed by title.

Below is a selective list of how to reference a range of commonly used types of material. There are many more examples and more details about formatting on the student portal in the LITS Guide to Referencing and Citations.

Books

The main elements you need are author(s), year, title,edition (other than first edition), place of publication (if required) and publisher. You will usually find the relevant information on the book’s title page and back of the title page. The reference should be as follows:For multiple authors, reference all of them to a maximum of three. If there are more than three, you should use et al. after the first author’s name. If a book has an editor or editors, indicate this by putting (ed.) or (eds.) after the name(s):Journal, magazine and newspaper articles

To reference a journal or magazine article, include author(s), year, title of article, journal/magazine title (in full), volume number, issue number and page numbers

For newspaper articles, give the date of the newspaper instead of the volume/issue

This information can be obtained from the cover and first pages of the journal, magazine or newspaper, but will not necessarily appear on the pages inside (and therefore not on a photocopy you may have of an article).

Electronic sources

Referencing electronic sources can be difficult. Look for and provide as much of the information recommended as possible. It is important to include the format of the material, eg [online], the date you accessed the material and location, eg URL. A website can be updated at any time so you need to indicate exactly when you used it.

(a) Electronic books Include author(s), year, title, [online], edition (other than first edition), place of publication (if required), publisher,information database or source, date accessed and location (URL).

(b) Electronic journal, magazine and newspaper articles

Include author(s), year, title of article, [online], journal title,volume, issue number and page number(s), information database or source (if applicable), date you accessed the material and location (URL). Use the URL for the database.