Library
Directorate of Learning Resources
Before using this guide, please check if your School specifies the use of a particular referencing格式system, and, if so, whether it provides its own guidelines to the scheme (e.g.in a course handbook). Note that some Schools may expect both a list of (cited)references and a (general) bibliography, rather than the single bibliography which isrecommended in this guide.
Citing your references correctly is an essential part of your academic work for three main
reasons:
• to acknowledge the sources you have used as the basis of your research. Failure to do thiscould be construed as plagiarism. For further details on plagiarism see
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/library/skill/plagiarism.html
• to enable other people to identify and trace your sources quickly and easily
• to support facts and claims you have made in your text.Citing acknowledging within your piece of work the source from which you
obtained information.Reference full details of the source from which you obtained your information.
Bibliography a list of the references you have used, usually placed at the end of your text.
1. Citing references in the body of the text
NB For citing electronic resources, please refer to Section 3.When reference is made in the text to a particular document, the author (or editor, compiler ortranslator) (individual or organisation) and year of publication are inserted in brackets:eg Agriculture still employs half a million people in rural Britain (Shucksmith, 2000).
If the author’s name occurs naturally in the sentence, only the year of publication is given:eg This concept is discussed by Jones (1998) …
When referring to more than one document by an author published in the same year, these aredistinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c) after the year:
eg (Watson, 1999a)If there are 2 authors, the names of both should be given:
eg (Lines and Walker, 1997)Where there are more than 2 authors, cite the first author, followed by ‘et al’ (in italics)
eg (Morgan et al., 1998)If the author is unascertainable, cite (a shortened) title:
eg (Burden of anonymity, 1948)
Citing your references
using the Harvard (Author-
Date) system
Research
Guide 2Page numbers should be included when there is a need to be more specific, for example whenmaking a direct quotation:
eg As Kelvin stated (1968, p.100) ‘the value of…’If referencing a secondary source (a document which you have not seen but which is quoted in oneof your references) the two items must be linked with the term ‘cited in’:eg …economic development (Jones, 2000) cited in Walker (2001).
NB (1) Whenever possible, try to read the original source;
(2) some guides to Harvard advise that you can only cite the secondary source -#p#分頁標題#e#
eg …according to Jones as cited by Walker (2001).
QuotationsShort quotations may be run into the text, using single quotation marks (see Kelvin exampleabove)
Longer quotations should be separated from the rest of the text by means of indentation and optional size reduction, anddo not need quotation marks:eg Simone de Beauvoir (1972, p.365) examined her own past and wrote rather gloomily:The past is not a peaceful landscape lying there behind me, a country in which Ican stroll wherever I please, and will gradually show me all its secret hills anddates. As I was moving forward, so it was crumbling.
2. Arranging references in the bibliography
References are arranged alphabetically by author’s name (or title, if no author) which has beenused in the body of the text.a. Book referencesInclude, where possible, the following information in the order listed here:
Author(s)/Editor(s)
Surname first, followed by first name(s) or initials (be consistent). Include all names if there are 2or 3 authors; if more than 3, use the first name and then et al.
For editors, compilers or translators (instead of author), give the abbreviation ed/eds, comp/compsor trans following the name(s):
eg Peckham, T. and Smith, G. (eds.)
Year of publication
If date not known, use: n.d. If the date is ascertainable but not printed in the document, give in
http://www.ttc-switch.com/Thesis_Tips/Reference/Literature_Review/brackets, adding a question mark if the date is uncertain.
eg (1996) or (1996?)
Title
Capitalise the first letter of the first word and any proper nouns.
Use bold, italics or underline (be consistent)Include any sub-title, separating it from the title by a colon.
Edition Only include if not the first edition.
Series Include if relevant.
Place of publication and publisher
Use a colon to separate these elements. If not given use: s.l. (no place) and s.n. (no publisher).
Page numbers
Include if referring to a specific quotation etc.
Examples of book references:
eg Gombrich, E. H. (1977). Art and illusion. 5th ed. London: Phaidon.
eg Ridley, A., Peckham, M. and Clark, P. (eds.) (2003). Cell motility: from molecules toorganisms. Chichester: Wiley.
eg Royal Society (2001). The future of sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs). London:
Royal Society.
b. Section/Chapter in book edited by another
The explanatory notes given in Section 2a, for books, are still relevant, but additional elements ofinformation are also required, so:
Author(s) of section
Year of publication
Title of section (use normal type) followed by In:
Author/Editor of whole book
Title of whole book (use bold, italics or underlined – as for complete books)
Editor
Place of publication and publisher
Page numbers of section
eg Smith, H. (1990). Innovation at large. In: James, S., (ed.) Science and innovation.#p#分頁標題#e#
Manchester: Novon, pp. 46-50.
c. Journal references NB: Please see Section 3 for citing electronic journals
Explanatory notes given on page 2, for books, are relevant. The elements of information required
are:
Author(s)
Year of publication
Title of article (use normal type)
Title of journal (use bold, italics or underlined – as for complete books)
Volume number
Issue number and/or date
Page numbers
eg Williams, J. (2000). Tools for achieving sustainable housing strategies in rural
Gloucestershire. Planning Practice & Research 15 (3), pp.155-174.
d. Conference papers
For single papers:
eg Studer, M. (2001). Civilian military relations and co-operation in humanitarianemergencies. Paper presented at a workshop organised by the Swiss Development
Agency, Bern, 26th January.
For papers published as part of a set of proceedings in book form, treat the reference as a sectionof a book.
eg Webb, N. L. (1993). Management education reform in Canada. In: Managementeducation in the United States: eight innovations. Proceedings of a conference,
Colchester, 1991. London: Routledge.
e. Newspaper articles
eg Hunt, P. (1999). Time is running out. Daily Telegraph, 8 February, p. 10.
f. Videos
eg Open University (2000). Art in 14th century Siena, Florence and Padua. 5: The SpanishChapel. 25 min. London: BBC for the Open University. Videocassette.
Guidance on other types of resources, such as legal material, standards and personalcommunications, is available in Pears and Shields (2005).
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3. Citing electronic resources
Electronic resources, including the internet, are subject to copyright in exactly the same way asprinted books or journals. To show the extent of your research, and to avoid plagiarism, it isessential that you fully acknowledge all sources used, both printed and electronic, including webpages.
a. Citing electronic resources in the body of the text
As far as possible, follow the guidance given for printed sources (Section 1) - cite by author ifknown, by title if no identifiable author, or by URL if neither author nor title is given.b. Arranging electronic resources in the bibliographyReferences to electronic resources should be integrated into your bibliography for printed sources.
As far as possible, provide the same information as you would provide for a print reference (author,title, date of writing, if these are stated). Also provide the url and the date on which you retrieved it,as the web changes constantly.
Example of web page: Labour Party (2005) News and speeches: Our third term will be our bestyet. [Online]. Retrieved on 22 July 2005 from:
http://www.labour.org.uk/index.php?id=news2005&ux_news[id]=tbnpf05&cHash=64dcd1591a
Example of electronic journal: Arimah, B. (2005) What drives infrastructure spending in cities ofdeveloping countries? Urban Studies 42(8), pp.1345-1368. [Online]. Retrieved on 22 July 2005 from#p#分頁標題#e#
EBSCOhostEJS database http://ejournals.ebsco.com
Example of internet journal (published solely on the internet): Francis, R. and Raftery, J.
(2005) Blended learning landscapes. Brookes eJournal of Learning and Teaching 1(3) October
[Online]. Retrieved on 16 January 2006 from
http://www.brookes.ac.uk/publications/bejlt/volume1issue3/perspective/francis_raftery.html!
Example of report from a database: Mintel (2004). City breaks in the UK. Mintel Leisure
Intelligence : UK. April. [Online]. Retrieved on 14 November 2005 from Mintel database
http://reports.mintel.com
Example of report available as pdf: Commission for Rural Communities (2005). The state of thecountryside 2005. Cheltenham: Countryside Agency. [Online]. Retrieved on 22 July 2005 from:
http://www.ruralcommunities.gov.uk/data/uploads/State%20of%20the%20Countryside%202005.pdf
For further examples: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005). Cite them right: the essential guide toreferencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books. Library copies are available.
EndNote
You can use EndNote, available in pooled rooms, to build up a database of your references.
EndNote will automatically format both the citations in your text and the references at the end inthe style you need. For full details see of further information
Bournemouth University (n.d.). Citing references. [Online]. Retrieved on 21 July 2005 from:
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/citing_references.html
Li, X. and Crane, N. (1996). Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information. 2nd ed.
Medford, N.J.: Information Today.
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005). Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism
http://www.ttc-switch.com/Thesis_Tips/Reference/Literature_Review/Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.
University of Chicago Press (2003). The Chicago manual of style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Lindsay Sellar/Oxford Brookes University Library August 2008