1 For the universality of management literature review
１  對于管理學普適性的文獻綜述
   " The universality of management " issue management science research is accompanied by the development in the UK and produce, in 2007 , " Journal of Management " in an article entitled " How management" of the article, to explore the "Management" with the " scientific management" , " management phenomenon" with the " management activities " and " management philosophy " with " general management " and other terms of content management , starting in the academic community , and how they define management, how to study English style management discussion ; 2009 strategic Management , Wuhan University Institute Professor Tan Liwen in its " universality of management and build " a text , combing through management of the basic definitions and basic theory, answers the question " is there a universal management science , "this issue , he believes exists in the field of social sciences " can be regarded as a universal management theory . "
“管理學的普適性”問題的研討是隨同著管理學在英國的進展而萌生的，２００７年《管理學報》在一篇題為“試提問管理學”的文章中，以研究討論“管理學”同“管理科學”，“管理現象”同“管理活動”以及“管理哲學”同“普通管理學”等管理學表名稱的詞的涵養為起點，在學術界引動了怎樣界定管理學，怎樣在研討英國式管理學的商議。

   ( 1 ) universality of the management science research can be divided into two categories, one with a different perspective , demonstrate the existence of universal management . For example, historical and philosophical perspective , the evolution of management thought that was a unity of opposites constantly develop , improve and form , reflecting a specific culture , regarding specific human conditions , organizational conditions and environmental conditions to manage concepts, these management concept based on the law of cultural evolution , because in a certain range and time, there are still produce these management concept , therefore, the management concept from the past can still be found there deal with the problem of modern management and evolution of inspiration strength , and thus that the essence of management is universal in nature.
（1）對管理學普適性的研討可以分為兩大類，一是以不一樣的視角，論證管理學普適性的存在。例如，以歷史和哲學的視角，覺得管理思想的演變進化過程是一個在不斷的對立一統中進展、完備并形成的，反映著特別指定文化的，關于特別指定的人性條件、團體條件及背景條件下施行管理的觀念.

   ( 2 ) By studying the relationship between management and culture , and then study the universality of management . There Guangxia cultural meanings of the points, the definition of culture is different, and cultural relations of the management 's views are also different. Broadly speaking there are two views , one " cultural determinism " that has a decisive role to the management culture ; Another is " to promote cultural theory" , that culture has a huge role in promoting management activities , including: value orientation, preference , habit control , ways of thinking , etc., and management research should form beyond the particularity often said . Management of cultural studies need to return the management of universality.

   ( 3 ) practice in the management of different kinds of management thinking through the management mode of expression, which Toyota is one of the representatives of modern management mode , over the years , which typically reflects the Japanese management thinking mode of management, has been for the management scholars sought after. However, the 2010 blockbuster "brake " incident let this pursuit has changed, people began to re-examine the criteria for judging the past , re-focus the Toyota management features .

   The author in question concerns the universality of management time , noticed the Toyota production and development process , the article is in the analysis of the Toyota models and scientific management and the relationship between the Japanese culture , exploring issues of management in the process of universal little experience .

2 Toyota management model formation and development

   ( 1 ) the generation of the Toyota management model can be traced back to the 1950s , when , due to lack of orders, bank tighter liquidity and other factors , Toyota is facing a serious crisis , was ordered at the time of distress Ono England two executives to lead the company to visit the United States for 12 weeks after returning to authorize Ohno reform Toyota production line , so, after decades of struggle, a condition known as the Toyota Production System (TPS: Toyota Production System) created a new management model . Toyota Production System (TPS) is recognized as the Oriental mode of management , relying on this model, Toyota and even surpass General Motors in Japan , largest in the world automobile boss position .

   In the end what is the Toyota management model ? Scholars have different understanding of the Toyota models , such as the Toyota model that includes , at a low cost , high efficiency and high quality production, maximize the customer satisfaction as the goal, " just in time ", " automation " as the pillar , in order to improve the foundation. That is called Kanban Toyota substance in its on-site management of operations management, including for the realization of "just in time " and " quality " and solve the " how employees work " problem , to achieve the " normalization " and solve the " how employees communicate and connection "problem, for the formation of " production flexibility "and solve the" how to build a production line "issues and to reflect the " improvement " and solve the" how to improve "problem. Toyota management is the essence that a strict " quality management ", "Security management" and " talent management ." Toyota management is the essence of that "lean production" and so on. Different Toyota researchers from different angles give different answers.

   ( 2 ) After the success of Toyota's big , national companies to follow suit in the management of its management, Toyota management model is favorable for global businesses . Although foreign enterprises in the learning mode , based on the Toyota , are also trying to establish their own management systems, however, Toyota's management style in the many businesses back home , and did not achieve the desired results , learning to emulate the success of Toyota and the real not many businesses .

   ( 3 ) from Toyota's own development path perspective, since the 1960s , Toyota began to have access to the European and North American markets , the main way is to expand supply of spare parts and other supporting systems localized transplant, establishment of overseas automobile assembly line , and then Toyota's unique management model due to Toyota 's own overseas expansion was brought to the world, and in the subsequent 20 years, the Toyota management model in its overseas enterprises have also made ??remarkable achievements.

   Toyota is emulated by Toyota 's own unsuccessful and overseas transplant success to the fact that people start to focus on the Japanese society and culture and the relationship between the Toyota management model . Include: research enterprise culture influence on management mode , such as from the perspective of corporate culture , research Toyota's quality culture in its management pattern.

   Research on traditional Japanese culture influence the management of Japanese companies , such as the analysis of the formation of Japanese corporate governance characteristics and the relationship between traditional Japanese culture , Japanese company model is that modern Japanese traditional culture within the framework of US-style corporate model to develop in the direction .

3 Toyota management model characteristics of universality and particularity

3.1 Toyota management model and scientific management ideas

   ( 1 ) the late 19th early 20th century, Taylor introduced into the management of scientific , management realized from the first experience of knowledge conversion , Taylor's "scientific management " is generated, people began to use natural scientific method , logical and rational analytical methods to measure accurately the means to study management issues, such as used to study how to improve the organization's productivity , how to improve management efficiency issues . In Taylor on "scientific management " is defined to include two aspects, first, that the "scientific management" is a combination of various factors . Including " science, not rule of thumb ; coordination , rather than differences ; cooperation rather than individualism ; maximum output, rather than the limited output ; achieve maximize labor productivity per person , wealthy maximize rather than poverty . " on the other hand believes that the " scientific management ", the managers face new tasks and new challenges. Including the "scientific method of operation, namely norms workers to operate the action, rather than the rule of thumb in ", " scientific selection of workers , namely training and education of workers ," " scientific workflow , ensuring that all work in accordance with the scientific principles formulated to act "and so on .

   ( 2 ) The author of the Toyota management ideas, see its " scientific management" in essence, this kind of " scientific management ," the idea is Toyota 's core, it is unique in the Toyota Production System in the form of management performance out , such as " time production ", namely to reduce costs as the basic goal ; to Kanban management as a means ; in many varieties, small batch production based on balanced ; scientific process design and equipment layout for the protection. Through the " time production " process , to eliminate excess production, so that the generation of hidden defects and other problems in the production process is exposed , and through continuous improvement , completely eliminate these problems and achieve high production efficiency . JIT runs through the core of scientific management. Another example is the " standardization of production ", ie through standardized processes , semi-finished inventory standardization standardization of operations , the implementation of lean production . " Standardized production " is the result of scientific management .

3.2 Toyota management model and Japanese Culture

  Toyota is a scientific management mode, and this particular scientific management model has its roots in the soil . Toyota models in the study of the process, I see another point is that Toyota model is generated in Japanese culture and the development of unique management model.

   Japanese traditional culture of origin is at the core of Confucianism Oriental traditional thinking, Toyota is known Japanese management , and Japanese-style management to a large extent reflects the spirit of Confucianism . Japanese culture in which "home " concept for the most profound impact of Toyota , the Japanese culture, "home " means a group ( eg : a company ) , Japan's "home " concept in that: " home" is the need to maintain and constantly prosperity ; "home" to jointly safeguard the interests of the needs ; parents are the "home" heir and the highest person in charge , in order to achieve the "home" prosperity , parents must assume management "home" responsibility , parents and families the relationship between members of the relationship between command and obedience ; Therefore , Toyota and pursue prosperity and long-term business interests , and pursuing corporate existence ( maintenance ) is more important than the idea of ??the pursuit of profit , and in the Toyota management , there are like " lifetime employment system "," annual Merits "," company unionism "and a series reflect this an idea management system.

3.3 Toyota expansion and changes in social and cultural background

   ( 1 ) In 1959, Toyota began to expand overseas , first in Brazil to establish its first overseas joint venture automobile manufacturing companies, then , worked in 25 countries and regions set up enterprises. In the United States , in 1984 established the New United Motor Manufacturing , Kentucky, in 1986, Toyota Motor Corp., the 1998 Toyota Indiana automobile manufacturing company. In Europe, in 1962 , began exporting cars to Denmark , in 1971 authorized a Portuguese manufacturer of automobile production in Portugal , in 1987 co-production with the French company MANITOU Toyota Forklift , 1989 combined with the Volkswagen factories, produced in Germany a small Toyota light trucks . 1992 in central England Nande Northshire Toyota Motor Manufacturing UK (MTUK) put into production, " Karina E-type ," the successor car " A the Sith " and the European version of the Japanese " Corolla " car . Toyota as a modern management model representatives were sought after. However, the 2010 "brake " incident outbreaks , we re-examine the success of Toyota and other findings , Toyota 's success lies : in Japanese society and culture developed in the soil produced Toyota models and the perfect combination of the Japanese society and culture . Toyota 's failure lies : Japanese society and culture of the soil to produce and develop into a model of the Toyota management due to the soil away from the Japanese society and culture suffered shocks.

   ( 2 ) Toyota management is based on home soil survival characteristics of the Japanese culture as Confucian culture, which determines Toyota 's philosophy , way of thinking , Toyota management system in the " lifetime employment ", " Annual Merits " , etc. are produced in such a culture ......

In these systems , the employees of the enterprise as a lifelong basis, the accumulation of knowledge is constantly being harmonious labor relations , employee loyalty to the enterprise , all this constitutes a Toyota unique competitive advantage. However, when Toyota to expand overseas , it is not required from different cultures worldwide employees have the same cultural ideas. Toyota management of the Japanese culture has a unique team spirit, harmony and consensus , the corporation as an extension of family , set on top of the company in personal life . These social philosophy produced a lifetime employment , the annual series of such a system work , which in turn reinforces the system by managers of the " collectivist ", " sense of authority ", " work first" and " co- participation" these ideas . Away from home is the impact of culture : Can not use " loving plants such as love of family ," the corporate culture as mental stimulation to replace overtime this economic stimulus , lost spontaneously to control the quality of the responsibility of the employees. Toyota's voluntary participation of all local staff to improve product quality and innovative mode of production "quality loop control " meetings , "be prepared unceasing improvement" , "accident in front of everybody's business " and many other Toyota models supporting the essence of philosophy, abroad do not exist.

  ( 3 ) The result is Toyota 's overseas enterprises in the implementation of the Toyota model, the impact of overseas culture evolved into the overseas edition of the Toyota Way .

4 Conclusion

   ( 1 ) Management of universality in its scientific management ideas , scientific management thinking is the core of " science ." Exists in the area of social sciences universality of management , management science from the universality of scientific management theory of the decision , Taylor's scientific management ideas although in the early 20th century mechanical industrial base made ??, however, scientific management ideas from the date of birth , has been in the promotion of business organizations to operate more efficiently play its fundamental role . These universal scientific management ideas include: management systems aim to improve efficiency ( work quotas and irritating wage compensation system ) , so that the right people do the right thing Human Resource Management ( select "first class worker" ) , in order to scientific, standardized and orderly as management tools ( standardization works ) , harmonious labor relations management system ( willingness to cooperate with each other ) , set up scientific organizational structure and functions and so on. Toyota management model , " a target ", " two pillars " and " a big base " theory content and both embody the idea of ??scientific management , scientific management of these ideas constitute the core of the Toyota management model .

   ( 2 ) the performance of the special nature of management of scientific management ideas and different cultural environment , and produce different management models . With the deepening of economic globalization , various forms of mergers and acquisitions become multinational enterprises overseas investment is an important strategic tool . Rapid overseas expansion inevitable cultural conflict, had excellent management ability to obtain other cultures and employee acceptance and recognition, can be effectively transplanted , how to conduct cross-cultural management issues management has increasingly become a hot issue these problems are reflected in scientific management ideas and different cultures combine special problems .