加入世界貿(mào)易組織,在此導致直接改革經(jīng)濟和在中國的發(fā)展:

首先,中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織將帶來的挑戰(zhàn)和機遇,對于中國農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展更是如此。(1)中國加入世貿(mào)組織的開放有利于中國農(nóng)的發(fā)展，讓其加入世貿(mào)組織,中國將在多年與國際規(guī)則,進一步完善國內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)政策法規(guī),優(yōu)化調(diào)查農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境,開放國內(nèi)市場,吸收更多的外國資本,技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗進入農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域。它將有助于農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和結(jié)構(gòu)的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的進出口。加入世貿(mào)組織將有利于中國在資源密集型產(chǎn)品的進口和出口勞動密集型產(chǎn)品,玉米,小麥油料作物、糖作物,大豆和棉花成本相對較高的總播種面積和總產(chǎn)量的作物將逐漸減少,在某種程度上蔬菜的比例,一些水果、鮮花和其他園藝產(chǎn)品將會增加,畜牧業(yè),不含奶制品和羊毛,從中國加入世貿(mào)組織將受益最多。

Accession to the World Trade Organization, hereby the below contributed to doestic refeorms in economic govermance in China:

First, China's accession to the World Trade Organization will bring about both the challenges and opportunities to the development of Chinese agriculture. (1) China's WTO accession is conducive to the opening-up of the Chinese agriculture.After its WTO entry,China will,in accordence with  international rules ,further to perfect domestic agricultural policies and regulations ,optimize investimate environment for agriculture,open up the domestic market and absorb the more foreigh capital,thechnology and managerial expertise into the farming sector (2)it will be helpful in the readjustment of the farming structure and the structure of the import and export of the agricultural product. The WTO accession will be favorable to china in its importation of resource-intensive products and exportation of labor-intensive products. The proportion of corn, wheat oil crops ,sugar crops,soybean and cotton of relatively high cost in the total sown area and the gross output of all crops will gradually decrease,while the proportion of vegetables ,some fruits ,flowers and the other horticultural products will increase to some extent. Animal husbandry, excluding dairy and wool, will benefit most from China's WTO membership. (3)  It will help improve the export environment of China's agriculture products.The WTO membership will entitl China to non-discrimimatory trade treatment enjoyed by other members ,thus reducing the costs for trade negotiations on and transactions of agricultural trade issues relating to such products,and facilitatingthe entry of China's agricultural products into the international market.

Second is the china service industry, Joining the WTO means that the process will move forward the liberalization of trade in services. will bring important impact on China services Specific to each industry, open, competitive, labor, technology, capital-intensive, would not be affected as a result of the same intensity. (1) telecommunications. the WTO" will have a far-reaching impact on the development of China's telecommunications industry, as demonstrated by : First, have a huge impact on the domestic market. (2)  the financial services industry. According to the regulations, "the WTO" after two years, foreign banks to handle RMB business to Chinese enterprises. Five years later can provide services to individuals; allow foreign financial holding companies in the fund management companies 33% After three years at 49%. With the accelerating pace of China's accession to the WTO, more and more foreign financial institutions will enjoy national treatment. and the further opening up of the market also means that the number of foreign-funded financial institutions in China will continue to increase. China's entry into the WTO will be beneficial to the development of the international banking sector.

Third is tourism. "the WTO" will be conducive to the sustainable development of tourism. tourism in reform and opening up and standardize the order.. Enter the international market, we need to create a genuine market players, I can win more favorable and open to the external international environment, This structure, management and operation of tourism enterprises still a gap between the adjustment and improvement opportunities, help China to establish a more stable international investment research service 4 No. 4 2000 trade order, domestic tourism trade will be integrated with the rest of the world tourism trade。

Chinese Taipie accession to the World Trade Organization contributed to domestic reforms in economic governance, as below:
Following its accession to the WTO, Chinese TaiPie will implement its accession commitments by opening the domestic market and by adjusting its economic and trade regimes to conform to WTO rules. The competitiveness of imported products will increase and business opportunities for foreign enterprises in Chinese TaiPie's market will expand. In the area of manufacturing, Chinese TaiPie plays an important role in the global supply chain. The focus of Chinese TaiPie's production has shifted away from labor-intensive products such as the canned mushrooms, umbrellas, and plastic shoes of earlier days, to today's high-tech products such as lap-top computers, semi-conductors, and telecommunications equipment. In the future, Chinese TaiPie expects to develop internet, telecommunications, and bio-tech industries, drawing on the current foundation of our high-tech industries. Chinese TaiPie's commitments under trade in services, such as the liberalization of the domestic telecommunications services market, are expected to help Chinese TaiPie in its efforts to attract new foreign investment.

Vietnam accession to the World Trade Organization contribute to domestic reforms in economic govemance as below:
 with its WTO commitments, Vietnam has earned greater trust from foreign investors. In relation to concrete effects of the WTO on Vietnam’s market, accession has brought many advantages to Vietnamese, particularly farmers, whose products have enjoyed equal treatment at markets of member countries, leading to increases in both quantity and price of export products. Opening the market in line with WTO regulations means international markets will have positive and negative influence on Vietnam. However, for the local business sector, the country’s opening market poses challenges due to limitations in competitive competence and the need to compete in a “new situation”.Vietnam’s commitment to opening doors in the services sector has fuelled strong competition in the national market. Together with finance and banking, the real estate and retail services sectors have become “hotter” as a result of the increased involvement by foreign investors.

Here below is the examples of areas WTO accession had led to enhanced transparency in these econmies:
First is the telecommunications. Such as China's telecommunications equipment market to the outside world have a high degree of transparency and, followed by the introduction of equipment and technology fair market competition. From the experience of international telecommunications market liberalization process will lead to rapid reduction of telecommunications charges.

 Another examples is the financial. China's accession to the WTO will likely encounter strong competition for talent pressure on commercial banks。

 Both NAFTA and AUSFTA  contain provisions that are said to be “WTO-Plus”.  Discuss whether the following features of the trade agreements are “WTO-Plus” and explain how they  are different from the parties to the agreements obligations and commitments in WTO:

( a )  AUSFTA provisions on foreign direct investment
( b )  NAFTA provisions on energy trade
( c )  NAFTA Chapter 19 provisions on antidumping and countervailing
( d )  AUSFTA’s treatment of trade in services
Answer:

Yes, In my point that the AUSFTA previsions on foreign direct investment and treatment of trade in services, NAFTA provisions on energy trade and Chapter 19 provisions on antidumping and countervailing are to be ‘WTO-Plus’

Here below is they are different from the parties to the agreements obigations and commitments in WTO:

First,  WTO is the symbol of global economic, while the NAFTA & AUSFTA  are the important carriers of some regional economics, Regional Economic Integration, they have below charcter: Preferential Trade Arrangements, Free Trade Area, Customs Union, Common Market, Economic Union, Complete Economic Integration. While the WTO will not have those agreements obligations and commitments. The WTO- PLUS help open markets and expand opportunities and can help company enter and compete more easily in the global marketplace. Trade agreements are also a tool for promoting fair competition and encouraging foreign governments to adopt open and transparent rulemaking procedures as well as non-discriminatory laws and regulations. Trade agreements can strengthen the business climate by including commitments on issues of concern along with the reduction and elimination of tariffs. They are the free trade area rule, and they are the deeply development of WTO, and the supplement of the free trade area.

What are the main requirements that must be met by a free trade agreement  in order to be considered consistent with the rules of the WTO?

 FTA develops rapidly in the world, however, the legal issues concerning the relation between the WTO and FTA are not settled yet. FTAs were titled in various forms but main contents were that relative members implemented non-tariff measures and non-tariff barrier on most of goods trade and further open up service and investment market to each other on the basis of WTO commitment.

The main requirements that must be met by a free trade agreement in order to be considered consistent with the rules of the WTO is The Free Trade Area or the any temporary agreement, all the FTA should not be trade barriers to the third parties; antidumping and anti-subsidized measures are allowed in the FTA, while the requirements on the safeguard measures in the FTA could be further negotiated by the parties.

Enterprises to carry out the comprehensive risk management process, is not only to refine the existing management means, the process of integration and extension, is also a kind of new cultural cultivation, development and use of process.Enterprise culture also known as enterprise culture, its content can be divided into entrepreneurship, business goal, enterprise image, enterprise management and the enterprise environment and so on five aspects.Under the new situation of overall corporate risk management, enterprise culture construction should keep pace with The Times, continuously into the new elements and ideas.This paper argues that the enterprise risk management activity and its results by spirit level, system, behavior, material four, four kinds of forms, together build enterprise risk management activities of the entire cultural system - the crisis of spiritual culture, system level and culture level, behavior of offensive and defensive target culture, the culture and the physical level build risk management culture, timely is the necessary way of enterprise culture construction.

On the core competitiveness, Chinese enterprises have the most worth learning model, first dell and wal-mart, this not only because they are the fastest growing two companies of the 21st century, more is the logic behind them grow: in the process of their growth, but not our heart of the so-called "core technology", "scale", "brand" and other weapons, the only thing that can explain why they are doing better than its rivals, can only be their pursuit of customer value and unique corporate culture.

Enterprise culture is to show the enterprise in the long run and are formed in the production and business operation activities of enterprise employees generally recognize and follow with the characteristic of the enterprise management ideas, management mode, group consciousness, values and behavior norms.Enterprise culture also known as enterprise culture, its content can be roughly divided into five aspects, namely, entrepreneurship, business goal, enterprise image, enterprise management and enterprise environment, etc.Corporate culture is not only the common spiritual pillar enterprise members, is also a potential productivity and internal driving force for the sustainable development of enterprises, is the enterprise keep a permanent source of competitive advantage.On April 15, 2010, "the application guide of enterprise internal control", including the enterprise internal control application guide 5 - corporate culture "to incorporate enterprise culture and enterprise risk management, to ensure that the development goal of enterprise sustainable development.

Since the 1980 s, countries around the world in the development of the economy to expand open thinking consciously spawned a theoretical exploration of enterprise culture, and then the enterprise culture theory was introduced into China.Domestic scholars pay attention to the enterprise culture connotation, function, construction of enterprise culture with Chinese characteristics, cross-cultural, reformation of enterprise culture, and from the Angle of different levels and humanistic management, etc, were studied.Representative research results mainly include:

In terms of the identification and understanding of corporate culture, kwang-ming liu think enterprise culture should have broad sense and narrow sense, broad sense of enterprise culture refers to the material culture, behavior culture, system culture, spirit culture, corporate culture in its narrow sense refers to the enterprise values as the core enterprise ideology.Tan Weidong emphasize corporate culture should be the human culture, social culture and economy and culture of a child, is a kind of group culture, a kind of organizational culture, a kind of operation and management as essential characteristics of physical culture.It should contain the spirit of enterprise, the values, norms, etc., as well as outside into the common target of enterprise overall, system specification and cultural codes and symbols.

For enterprise culture and the relationship between the people, I, Sun Gongxiang thought in the era of knowledge economy in strengthening humanistic values of corporate culture.Because in the era of knowledge economy, the enterprise is the most important dynamic mechanism of people not things, people in the era of knowledge economy is the most important resources of the carrier, so innovative talents is the core of the knowledge economy enterprise.At the same time, they think that should be paid attention in the Chinese traditional culture has many good ideas, but also to absorb, using the essence of western culture, so as to create vitality, creativity and quality of enterprise culture.

On the traditional foundation and constituent elements of enterprise culture, Zhang Tongqi Liu Yun jiao, think about the impact of national culture to the enterprise culture, thought of Chinese traditional culture tradition of collectivism, and corporate culture emphasize the sense of belonging and the aim of the centripetal force is the same.Chinese traditional culture aiming at "and" human relations for your thoughts, also to the enterprise culture construction to achieve the organization internal harmony and transfer the work motivation has a positive role.They also think Chinese traditional culture "after all the sorrow and the sorrow of the world of joy but joy", emphasis on individual contribution to the era, it has to do with today's advocates the enterprise should bear the social responsibility is consistent, is to establish a modern enterprise culture with Chinese characteristics of ideological guarantee.Find translation thought of building a harmonious enterprise culture is an effective way to improve enterprise core competitiveness, the so-called harmonious enterprise culture content mainly includes two aspects: one is the customer for this, the second is the enterprise staff for this.

To build a harmonious corporate culture is the key to establish the enterprise's core values, the core values reflected in the production and service, in the deep heart and all aspects of the production and operation have grown up.

On the relationship between the enterprise culture and enterprise core competitiveness, zhou li think corporate culture is not only the good soil cultivating enterprise core competitiveness, core competitiveness of the enterprise culture and the modern enterprise indispensable factor.Corporate culture has a concept of philosophy, nationality, sex, human nature, uniqueness, dynamic character and should be modified, reflect the enterprise culture is a specific corporate spirit and value standard.Enterprise culture in enterprise management has guiding function, constraint function, condensing function and incentive function, is to promote rapid development of the engine, is the power of enterprise innovation, become the intangible resources.

In addition to a large number of empirical studies, Chinese scholars in the analysis of the foreign theoretical model, on the basis of reference and comparison, also puts forward the special situation in our country from the methodology of quantitative analysis model.Zheng Bo Xun building organizational culture values scale (VOCS), he think that organizational culture is an internalized normative beliefs, can be used to guide the behavior of the members of the organization.VOCS scale altogether is divided into nine dimensions: science, customer orientation, innovation, excellence pursuing towithstand, teamwork, integrity, performance, social responsibility and harmony, the table within each dimension has a positive correlation or negative correlation.Guo-shun wang on the Dension model on the basis of improving corporate culture, corporate culture to form describe 45 structured problems, collect data by factor analysis condition after inspection, using factor analysis method to identify the seven dimensions of enterprise culture, enterprise consciousness, employee consciousness, team consciousness, innovation consciousness, core values, customer consciousness, goals, vision, etc.

Thought the soul, as the enterprise culture construction is also advancing with The Times, constantly into the new elements and ideas.Along with the development of the enterprise growth and changing of internal and external environment, the risks of enterprises show the diversity and complexity.In order to guarantee the smooth realization of the enterprise development target, comprehensive risk management arises at the historic moment, and will play an increasingly important role.Enterprises to carry out the comprehensive risk management process, is not only to refine the existing management means, the process of integration and extension, is also a kind of new cultural cultivation, development and use of process.The human-oriented management thinking embodied in enterprise production management, the construction of enterprise risk management culture, to promote cultural construction enterprise comprehensive risk management, achieve the sustainable development of enterprise, is the only way for enterprise culture construction.

Enterprise risk management culture, refers to the employees to achieve goals, enterprise survival and development of risk management activity and its results.This way of risk management activities and their results through the spirit, system, behavior, material level four, four kinds of forms, to build into a complete cultural system enterprise risk management activities.Under the background of era of overall corporate risk management, risk management culture will become the enterprise development and enhance the international competitiveness of inner driving force.

"The thought have how far, how far to go", modern enterprises should adhere to the people-centered scientific concept of development, strengthen the consciousness of risk control and set up the comprehensive risk management concept.Only the comprehensive risk management thought to promote wider and deeper, broader and more fast, more to make the reform, development and stability, further and higher.To achieve the goal of enterprise development depends largely on the risk management level of enterprises, good risk management culture can be converted into enterprise risk management theory and scientific management mode, it is both a kind of behavior norms, also is the best media for effective communication between each other.In the face of increasingly fierce market competition, the enterprise is engaged in production and business operation activities of the complex, must enhance the consciousness of the crisis, with the power of risk management culture, to consolidate and enhance the core competitiveness, to further promote and implement the security and stability of the sustainable development of the enterprise.

Risk management culture is the soul of the risk management system, is "soft factors" of the enterprise internal control system.Different risk culture, will lead to different risk management strategy, risk management process and risk management measures.Risk culture is the world outlook and methodology of risk management, it can be said that the risk management system is effective, is the key to risk culture.An American banker once said: "a failure of financial institutions, credit management, not because of lack of credit policies, procedures, even set the very complex control means such as policies, procedures, inspection, report, if the lack of a good risk management culture, all these ACTS have form."Health should include the spirit of culture, comprehensive risk management, system, behavior and material cultural connotation of the four levels.