科學管理是一種管理理論和綜合分析的工作流程，它提高了勞動生產率。該理論的核心思想是由弗雷德里克溫斯洛泰勒在80、90年代發展起來的，并且第一次出版他的專著：《車間管理》（1905）和《科學管理的原則》（1911）。泰勒認為，基于傳統和經驗法則的決定應該通過精確的程序開發而且是在一個人在工作中認真研究后才更換的。弗雷德里克溫斯洛泰勒（1856-1915），是一個工程師，被稱為“科學管理之父”，他重點關注于分析和設計，這使得工作更有效。他認為許多工人的時間體現的價值低于其實際能力。

行政管理是在任何組織中存在的一個職能部門或地區。行政職能的目的是管理組織中的信息需求以便及時地將相關和準確的信息提供給所有的不同層次的管理者，從而使他們能夠做出有意義的決定。如果沒有這樣的信息，是不可能管理任何的組織、職責或過程的。

行政管理也可以看作是通過人來管理信息的行為。行政職能是組織中的一個部門，負責收集、處理、存儲和分發信息給組織內的決策者和管理者，使他們以及組織外部的其他的人員能執行他們的任務。

 

Scientific management is a theory of management that analyses and synthesizes workflows, improving labor productivity. The cores ideas of the theory were developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1880s and 1890s, and were first published in his monographs, Shop Management (1905) and the principles of scientific management (1911). Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and rules of thumb should be replaced by precise procedures developed after careful study an individual at work. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), an engineer known as “Father of Scientific management”, focused on analyzing and redesigning jobs more efficiently. He believed that many workers of his time performed below their true capacities.

Administrative management is one of the functions, departments or sections existing in any organization. The aim of the administrative function is to manage the information needs of the organization so that timely, relevant and accurate information can be given to managers at all the different levels, so enabling them to take meaningful decisions. Without such information it is not possible to manage any organization, function or process.

Administrative management also can be seen as managing information through people. The administrative function is that section in an organization that is responsible for the orderly collection, processing, storing, and distributing of information to decision makers and managers within the organization to enable them to execute their tasks as well as other role players outside the organization.

(Administrative Management, 2nd edition-2009, E.J Ferreira, A.W Erasmus, D. Groenewald )#p#分頁標題#e#

The first expert of Administrative management theory was Henri Fayol (1841-1925). Fayol is called the “Father of modern management”. Henri Fayol was a French industrialist and a management consultant. He started the functional approach to management. In 1916, he wrote a book titled “Administration Industrialle et Generalle”.

1.1 Scientific Management

Scientific management is a theory of management that analyses and synthesizes workflows, improving labor productivity. Scientific Management is a modern management began in the late 19th century. Scientific management also is a philosophy that sought to increase productivity and makes the work easier by scientifically studying work method and establishing standards. It is about the relationships between people and work, not a technique or an efficiency device.

Besides that, scientific management also is based on a concern not only for the proper design of the job but also for the workers. Scientific Management also is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. It is a term coined in 1910 to describe the system of industrial management and came to mean any system of organization that clearly spelled out the functions of individuals and groups.

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), was one of the early practical manager theorists. He is an engineer known as “Father of Scientific management”, focused on analyzing and redesigning jobs more efficiently. He searched for the best way to maximize performance. As a result of his work, he developed several scientific management principles. He believed that many workers of his time performed below their true capacities.

Taylor developed these four principles of scientific management for managers to follow. It also known as “Taylorism”:

Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will replace the old rule-of-thumb method.

Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.

Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.

Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers.

(Management, Pearson, eighth edition, 2005 - Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter)

According to Taylor, Scientific management was a complete mental revolution for both management and employees towards their respective duties and toward each other. It was a new philosophy and attitude toward the use of human effort. It emphasized maximum output with minimum effort through the elimination of waste and inefficiency at the operative level.

In Taylor view, the scientific study of work also emphasized specialization and division of labor. Thus, the need for an organizational framework became more and more apparent. The concepts of line and staff were developed. In an effort to motivate workers, wage incentives were developed in most scientific management programs.#p#分頁標題#e#

Scientific management fundamentally consists of certain broad general principles, a certain philosophy, which can be applied in many ways, and a description of what any one man or men believe to be the best mechanism for applying these general principles should in no way be confused with the principles themselves.

Under the management of “initiative and incentive”, practically the whole problem is “up to the workman”, while under scientific management fully one-half of the problem is “up to the management”.

(Scientific Management, Dr A Khurana, 2009, Global India Publications Pvt. Ltd)

Scientific management principles can improved productivity and had a substantial impact on industry. It also increased the monotony of work. Hence, scientific management is a thoughtful, organized, dual approach towards the job of management against hit or miss or Rule of Thumb. Taylor believed that if they were truly dependent on each other, cooperation would naturally follow.

In summary, Taylor and other scientific management pioneers believed employees could be motivated by economic rewards, provided those rewards were related to individual performance.

1.2 Administrative management

According to Julian Paul Sidin, administrative management examines an organization from the perspective of the managers and executives responsible for coordinating the activities of diverse groups and units across the entire organization. Administrative management focus on how and what managers should do in their jobs. Administrative management also seeks to create an organization that leads to both efficiency and effectiveness.

The first expert of Administrative management theory was Henri Fayol (1841-1925). Fayol is called the “Father of modern management”. Henri Fayol was a French industrialist and a management consultant. He started the functional approach to management. In 1916, he wrote a book titled “Administration Industrialle et Generalle”. (Principles and Practices of Management, Julian Paul Sidin, 2011 Pearson)

Administrative management also can be seen as managing information through people. The administrative function is that section in an organization that is responsible for the orderly collection, processing, storing, and distributing of information to decision makers and managers within the organization to enable them to execute their tasks as well as other role players outside the organization.

Administrative management is one of the functions, departments or sections existing in any organization. The aim of the administrative function is to manage the information needs of the organization so that timely, relevant and accurate information can be given to managers at all the different levels, so enabling them to take meaningful decisions. Without such information it is not possible to manage any organization, function or process.#p#分頁標題#e#

(Administrative Management, 2nd edition-2009, E.J Ferreira, A.W Erasmus, D. Groenewald )

Administrative managers are middle and senior managers and leaders who make certain that information flows and resources are employed efficiently across the whole organization. They ensure that all operations and system run smoothly and in the most effective manner.

Administrative management theory is identified on the following:

Management Oriented Theory: The management oriented theory does not give many attentions to the problems of the workers.

Lack of Important to Informal Organization: The administrative management theory gives importance only to the formal organization structure. It does not give any importance to informal organization or groups.

Concept Borrowed From Military Science: Administrative management theories were borrowed from military science. They tried to apply these concepts to the social and business organization.

Mechanical Approach: Administrative management theory has a mechanical approach. It does not deal to the important aspects of management such as motivation, communication and leading.

Henri Fayol identified five major functions of management: Planning, Organizing, Commanding (directing), Coordinating, Controlling.

Besides that, Fayol prefaced his famous definition of management by starting what he considered to be the key activities of any industrial undertaking. He outlines six such key activities: technical activities, commercial activities, financial activities, security activities, accounting activities, managerial activities. Example for technical activities is production, example for commercial activities is buying and selling, example of financial activities is securing capital, example of security activities is safeguarding property, example of accounting activities is providing financial information, and example of managerial activities is planning and organizing.

Furthermore, Henri Fayol also classified 14 principles of management: Division of work, Authority, Discipline, subordination of individual interest to General interest, Remuneration, Centralization, Equity, Initiative, Esprit De Corps, stability of Tenure of personnel, Unity of Direction, Scalar Chain, and Unity of command. According to Henri Fayol, a manager should require the following qualities and skills: Work experience, mental qualities, Moral qualities, General education, Special Knowledge, Physical Quality.

(Management Theory and Practice, sixth edition, G.A Cole, 2004)