本文主要是從原型視角對澳大利亞Colleen McCullough的著名小說《荊棘鳥》進行分析。全文由四章結構成。本文用比較高遠的層次去評論這部小說。第二章是諾斯羅普•弗萊的原型理論,調查相關的特點,對原型概念和理論的價值。第三章處理人物的原型分析包括Ralph-Adam Maggie-Eve,還有集市里的Casson-the。更重要的是,本文試圖尋求圣經原型,分析相關的原型環(huán)境背景和圣經敘事結構,還在使用圣經原型的基礎上進行了創(chuàng)新和理解。第四章是dissertation的結論。原型理論來分析《荊棘鳥》的將幫助我們回到最古老的儀式和信仰探索人類的內心世界。原型不僅是這部小說的創(chuàng)意來源之一,也有效地突出了藝術作品的主題。

Abstract

This thesis gives an analysis of the Australian author Colleen McCullough's famous novel "The Thorn Birds " from an archetypal perspective.The whole thesis consists of four chapters.

In the introductory part,the thesis mainly introduce the author,the novel,the writing background,literature review,the legend about the thorn bird and an over-all comment on the novel.Chapter two is a survey of Northrop Frye's theory of archetype,the characteristics, relevant concept about archetype and the value of theory.The third chapter deals with the archetypal analysis of the characters includes Ralph-Adam,Maggie-Eve,Mart Casson-the devil Satan.What's more,the thesis tries to seek the Holy Bible archetypal,and analysis the archetypal related to The Holy Bible in environmental backgrounds and narrative structure,also the innovation and understanding when using The Holy Bible archetypal.Chapter four is the conclusion of the thesis.An application of archetypal theory to analysis of the thorn birds will help us return to the most ancient rituals and beliefs and explore the inner world of humankind.The prototype is not only one of the creative source of the novel,but also an integral part of works,and effectively highlight the artistic theme of the work. These prototypes enhanced profundity and artistry of the novel,so The Thorn Birds become one of eternal splendid greatest novel.

Key words:the thorn birds;archetypal theory;Holy Bible archetypal

Introduction

1.1 Introduction to Colleen McCullough and the novel
Colleen McCullough is an influential writer in Australian literature,the Australian geographical scenery and customs described in the novel contributed to the world's literary creation in art gallery and become figure out treasures.Colleen McCullough was born in an animal husbandry workers family in June 1937,and their family was in Australia Nanwei state west Wellington then moved to Sydney when she was 12-year-old.Colleen McCullough filled with a strong interest in literature in childhood,she began to write poetry at the age of five.However,the Great Depression bought to poverty to the working family,and she has recognized that literary and artistic life was difficult to solve food and clothing problems.so she put her talents into mathematics and natural sciences and embarked with a very different road from the literature.In the 1950s,she studied neurophysiology at the University of Sydney,she created a Ministry of neurophysiology after graduating from the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney .In order to improve their academic standards further more,she went to the University of London Institute of Child Health and engaged in research work.Then she moved to the United States ,engaged in research work in Medicine Department of Neurology Research Laboratory of USA Yale School and became a prestigious neurophysiologist. She is still the honorary president of Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute,Australia Geriatrics Foundation,Honorary Adviser of the Department of Neurophysiology of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital.In the introductory part,the thesis mainly introduce the author,the novel,the writing background,literature review,the legend about the thorn bird and an over-all comment on the novel.Chapter two is a survey of Northrop Frye's theory of archetype,the characteristics, relevant concept about archetype and the value of theory.The third chapter deals with the archetypal analysis of the characters includes Ralph-Adam,Maggie-Eve,Mart Casson-the devil Satan.What's more,the thesis tries to seek the Holy Bible archetypal,and analysis the archetypal related to The Holy Bible in environmental backgrounds and narrative structure,also the innovation and understanding when using The Holy Bible archetypal.Chapter four is the conclusion of the thesis.An application of archetypal theory to analysis of the thorn birds will help us return to the most ancient rituals and beliefs and explore the inner world of humankind.The prototype is not only one of the creative source of the novel,but also an integral part of works,and effectively highlight the artistic theme of the work. These prototypes enhanced profundity and artistry of the novel,so The Thorn Birds become one of eternal splendid greatest novel.#p#分頁標題#e#

"The Thorn Birds" is a legendary family novel describes the life experiences of three generations, reflecting the development of Australian society, including the progress of animal husbandry, rancher "painstaking efforts" and its effect on the employee's brutal exploitation. The book is divided into seven, each with a human-centered, but contact with each other, consistent. The book runs through the clues is the love affair between the heroine, Maggie and priest Ralph disputes. Ralph longing for the supreme power of the Holy See, at the exhaustion of effort got into the heart of the Catholic Church and use various of means to achieve the purpose; but the prime of life as a flesh and blood man, he could not help the feelings of the temptation, which led to his deep inner conflicts, as well as intentionally or unintentionally added to the Maggie who can not get rid of the pain. Maggie's aunt, Mary's death, this contradiction is sharp prominent. She left behind legacy enough to make Ralph his dream of "Cardinal" jobs, but if Ralph did in the dark to seize the property should belong to Maggie home. Ultimately his right to desire to win from him and Maggie are separated. The heroine, Maggie was born in a self-strict religious family, her mother was born in the door of the aristocracy, but was abandoned by the lover. No regrets so she took the extreme bitter marry Maggie's father, lived a poor day, guarding the illegitimate son of her former lover. Because of his own experience, she has ignored the presence of the Maggie, that women born with destiny. Also because the kind of family, Ralph's closeness help to make young Maggie have a kind of special feeling of closeness. In order to achieve Ralph's true love ,Maggie had to struggle with the God for lifetime but failed finally.
 

1.2 writing backgrounds
"The Thorn Birds"is the most prestigious literature work of Colleen McCullough which is introduced in the 1977. This novel is a combination of all of life experience and view of the Australian society, life, religion in mid-twentieth century. Australia is a large land area with sparsely populated country, only some of the indigenous people of the original inhabitants lived there.In mid-nineteenth century, the footsteps of the Western colonizers broke the calm of the Australian,and the curtain of immigrant to Australia had opened.The arrival of immigrants brought vigor and vitality to the relatively backward and desolate continent, Christianity walked into this country with footsteps of immigrants , and religion as an important link of communication and exchange of people, give people a firm conviction and courage to overcome all difficulties,and promote the development of civilization in Australia to some extent.After World War II, Australia and the world cultural exchanges become more frequently.Large-scale immigrant absorption is an important decision-making by Australian Government after post-war, immigrations brought social thought of the United States, Britain,Newzealand and other Western countries into Australia,thus contributing to tremendous changes in the Australian moral values and ideology.

Australia's existing religious beliefs are also severe social and ideological turmoil of the crisis. In this era of the social context,Australian writers and artists began to think and began to explore the value and meaning of life, thinking human suffering, as well as the existence of God, whether the person responsible for the profound and who painful issue.Colleen McCullough began the creation of "The Thorn Birds" novel under this background.Colleen McCullough is the Christian religion believers,she put her own religious ideas into novel writing. The novel focuses on the lingering irresolute between the priest Ralph and followers Maggie's sad love under the rule of Catholic asceticism.The characters in the novel mostly are religion believers, Christian Thought and the Bible plays a very important position on the novel. Under the influence of Christian thought,from a very broad social perspective, the novel shows the reader the 20th century Australian society, culture and spirit of the people, living conditions, and in which contains the author of religion, faith, life, love the meaning of life issues such as deep thinking.#p#分頁標題#e#

1.3 Literature Review
"The Thorn Birds" is an Australian family novel,the main line is heroine Maggie and priest Ralph's tangled love and describes the story of three generations of Cleary.The story span of more than half a century and across the World War Ⅱ.Priest Ralph longing for the power of the Holy See for lifetime.But he fell in love with animal husbandry Cleary's daughter ,a glamorous exquisite girl whose name is Maggie.Ralph's heart was in the conflict between power and love.Thus,it comes to a series of stories.The hero and heroine with a dozen members of the Cleary family launched joys and sorrows in their life.The novel has a vivid plot and well-structured with a strong artistic influence to readers,known as"Gone with the Wind of Australia"by literary critics and one of the ten modern classics works by"Time" magazine.
 

"The Thorn Birds" is written by an Australian female writer Colleen McCullough in the 1970s,accumulated for her entire life to create the painstaking work.The novel has been fond of readers and attracted researcher's attention once published.Scholars and criticism from different eras apply to various methods and put forward their opinions and perspectives from different angles,such as from the perspective of symbolism,feminist criticism,and moral themes.Since 1992,Chinese scholars detailed elaboration and interpretation the novel from diverse perspectives of religion,culture,narrative and feminist.Scholars focused on analyzing the hero and heroine,the moral of the environment and religious tragedy.Some scholars also analyzed the characters and themes in"The Thorn Birds" from the perspective of Prototype Theory.

For the myth of factors and prototype nature of work has also been a certain amount of attention and recognition.But there still has not a comprehensive and systematic prototype analysis and research in entire novel.The influence of Holy Bible can't be ignored,"The Thorn Birds"will not has a comprehensive and profound analysis and research with ignored it.In this paper,we can analyze the characters which hidden in the novel from the perspective of Prototype Theory and the meaning of the reference and reflection on the Bible prototype.Looking at the research field,not many scholars have explored the issue of"The Thorn Birds" from the point of view of Prototype Theory,so we pretend to Glimpse leopard from this article.But specific to prototype principle embodied in a particular character,this paper give a comprehensive analysis of characterization in the novel and mythological prototype with the Prototype Theory.The imagery of myth are the symbols of man's first civilization,it has the characteristics of original and symbolic.

Specific to the applyment of Prototype Theory,it requires us to distance the work from a board cultural background to examine the composition of the literature and find the original factors,original organization or some kind of symbolic images of basic cultural patterns.As long as we use the method of imagination,association,analogy in the process of interpretation of literary works,you can find some of the original myth of factors and organization,thus we can analyze the work from the perspective of Prototype Theory.In this way,we are trying to allow readers to appreciate the work one the process of reading and understand where is the resonance in the deep heart comes from,how is the prototype of humanity's collective unconscious replaced and deformed in the historical and cultural context of modern society.This paper attempts to use Prototype Theory proposed by Frye to analyze three heroes:Ralph,Maggie,Mart Casson.The success of"The Thorn Birds"attributed not only to the works of spiritual and cultural connotations of excellent conferred by the imagination,but also depends on the eternal charm of prototype,it has created a new space for literary innovation to the traditional prototype of both inherited and subversion.#p#分頁標題#e#
 

1.4 The Legend about the Thorn Bird
“There is a legend about a bird，which sings just once in its life，more sweetly than any other creatures on the face of the earth.From the moment it leaves the nest it searches for a thorn tree，and does not rest until it has found one.Then，singing among the savage branches，it impales itself upon the longest，sharpest spine.And，dying，it rises above its own agony to out—carol the lark and the nightingale.One superlative song，existence the price，but the whole world stills to listen，and God in His heaven smiles.For the best is only bought at the cost of great pain…"
 

As Colleen McCullough wrote in the title:" For the best is only bought at the cost of great pain."The reference of the legend is very extensive, however, it's pretty appropriate to describe the love of Maggie and Ralph.In reality, the priest Ralph has promised himself to God,but he loved Maggie and he don't want to betray himself. Maggie knew that she can not be together with Ralph, but she still adhere to steal her own things from God. The more persistent,the more painful, and she finally paid a heavy price for their "Willfulness".
 

Maggie should have expected the pain, and Annie's advice ringing in our ears:because of the gods' jealousy, "the object of love out of flowers in full bloom, it destroyed.But Maggie still headlong thorns into the chest , such as The Thorn Birds, until the depletion of life. Maggie said: "Everything is my own cause, no resentment." When love can transcend physical to eternal life, Maggie's thoroughly love for Ralph is pure and persistence.Unfortunately,when face to Ralph's doubts and stubborn, her love is in vain.
 

Chapter 2 :Prototype Theory
 

2.1 Northrop Frye’s Prototype Theory
Christianity has been generated since the first century AD, the religious thought and religious literature - the Bible,had a far-reaching implications to the spiritual world of Europe and the United States . European and American writers, are subtle by the Bible, from Dante to Shakespeare, from romanticism to realism, the use of the Bible and implied scattered in every corner of the Western literature.Even the prosperous thought stage of the twentieth century modernism, postmodernism, we can still find the shadow of the Bible from many literary works. "The Thorn Birds" is no exception, the novel describes the love under the tragic story of religious taboos.

The character design, theme, plot structure, environmental background settings are inextricably linked with Christianity.Therefore, from association of fiction and Christianity, the Bible, the prototype of "The Thorn Birds"open a new research perspective. This thesis is trying with Northrop Frye's myth and archetypal criticism theory to explore the correspondence between the "Thorn Birds" and the Christian religion, the Bible prototype deep excavation of the ideological content of the novel, social significance. School myth and archetypal criticism emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, to reach the pinnacle of development in the late 1950s, as the Backwash myth and archetypal criticism new criticism contributed to the Western criticism from rhetoric to the criticism of the myth to, signs of criticism is no longer just focus on the individual text restrained relatively objective interpretation and analysis, but turned to the study and exploration of the broader myth of the human mind to imitate. Well-known Canadian scholar Northrop Frye (NorthropFrye, 1912 - 1991) is a master of the myth of critical theory, he fully learn from psychology, anthropology, research, and to absorb the "New Criticism", "psychoanalytic criticism" and theoretical study of Jung's collective unconscious essence of the myth of archetypal criticism to an unprecedented height, contributed to the theory of maturity and perfection. His departure from the myth, that myth plays an important role in the history of human civilization and the history of thought. The myth is a symbolic expression of human nature, the origin and destiny of the human care, the soil on which of the literature and culture. Therefore, Frye is the myth has a rich historical and cultural connotation, on this basis, his interest in mythology and gradually promoted to a research interests, criticism and even the theoretical system.

The ① Fry myth prototype works even criticized aspects of "dignity, both said: William Blake", "English Romanticism", "criticism of the analysis, the" great code ", the divine power of language", etc. . The most influential literary criticism specifically "critical analysis", book marks the advent of the myth and archetypal criticism maturity and perfection of the theory, Frye discussed the archetypal criticism of the basic concepts and methods in the system, thereby laying the prototype the basis of critical theory. Down to "Anatomy of criticism, based on a brief overview of the theory of myth and archetypal criticism. Myth (mythos) The term first appeared in Greek, the original intent of the legends of gods and heroes of the story ". Concise Encyclopaedia Britannica, "the concept of" myth "entry represents the views of today's myth scientist:" The myth is a collective noun, to indicate a symbolic communication, especially in a basic form of religious symbolism to other symbolic behavior (worship ceremony) and symbolic places or objects (temples, like, etc.) ".

The ② anthropologist Fraser in his book "War" in that myth is a symbol of the storytelling style to express the basic values ??of humanity, the organic composition of the culture can be summed up a common human basic health needs. Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, mythology and psychology linked to that myth is the beginning of the "subconscious psychological manifestation of unconscious mental events unconsciously statement.

③ German philosopher angle of Cassirer recognized on the myth, that myth is "human to reach the theoretical thinking prior to a general understanding of the world, interpreted the world in ways of thinking. ④ Clearly, in the research field after multiple understanding and elucidation of the "myth" to read the terms of a complex meaning. Myth archetypal criticism, the establishment and development of myth as a theoretical starting point, Frye on the concept of "myth" to make a new interpretation, given the concept of the myth to a new definition. Fry followed the myth of original intent, will limit the myth in a literary context, he mentioned in the analysis of "critical", "If the hero nature beyond the mortal and the mortal environment, he is a deity, on his story called a myth, that is, through the sense of the story of God. "

⑤ Second, the interpretation of the terms of the "Anatomy of Criticism" Appendix, he believes the myth is a narrative, some image of Superman's existence, what they are doing 'can only be found in the story', and thus the myth an authenticity or realism, not entirely consistent with traditional or stylized narrative. After re-definition and interpretation of Fry "myth" has become the archetypal criticism of the basic terminology used to refer to repeatedly in the literature the principle of narrative structure. In this way, the critics of the theory of myth and archetypal criticism to have a new level of theory, so that they stand history the highest point will be, since ancient times and today's literary phenomenon as a whole, and find a specific program of literary expression and evolution law, in order to establish a perspective broader and more into the system's theory of literary criticism.

Fry also believes that mythology in a way equivalent to the prototype, "myth is a prototype, but for convenience, we call it the myth when it comes to narrative, but in talking about the meaning will be renamed as the prototype." ② Therefore, in Dover Levin's theory of myth and archetypal criticism, the myth is without Displacement of the literary structure of the original ecological system is a prototype. The concept of "prototype", plays an important role in the theory of myth and archetypal criticism of Northrop Frye, in front of the "myth" and the introduction of the concept, we can find the "myth" and "prototype" of these two concepts in the theory of myth and archetypal criticism The same can even replace, But, as Fry said, the concept of "prototype" is focused to use when talking about the meaning and thought, "myth" focuses on refer to narrative structure. Prototype word (archetyPe) the earliest source for the Greek, the original model, intended for the "primitive", "The initial prototype concept and Her Change has experienced more than two thousand years of history. The word "prototype was first talking about people who in the Jewish Philo 'the image of God', it has such as: 'God's creation and did not follow its own to direct creation in the writings of Yilinaiwu, while imitation by other than their own prototype. "③ The Greek philosopher Plato's" management style "(or concept) is very similar to the concept of" prototype ".

Plato believed that literature and art as the imitation of the real world, and imitate the real world is the world of management, management style is a supreme, the most primitive form, the management style is the most fundamental management style is objective things "prototype". The founder of the contemporary theory of collective unconscious, Carl Jung, the introduction of the "prototype" to the field of psychology, the meaning of "prototype" has undergone major changes. Jung believe that the prototype is equivalent to the existence of the explicit form of the original image, referred to as "psychological" is a recurring image in the evolution of human culture, indicating that the content of the collective unconscious. Frye's archetypal criticism "prototype" as a concept of literary theory, in view of the importance of the concept of "prototype" in the theory of myth and archetypal criticism, Fry the connotation and extension of the prototype concept to do a series of defined . 1951 prototype of such a definition: "the myth of a core of the media as a force, it makes the ceremony has a prototype meaning of the metaphor of God as the prototype described in the myth is a prototype, ... Although we are talking about and narrative, myth, talked about the significance of the prototype. ① The 1957 critical analysis in his masterpiece ", Frye will be the prototype as" a typical or recurring image, can exchange the unit is linked to a symbol in a poem and another poem, can be used to integrate our literary experience unified and up

② 1982, he was the prototype concept to further define: "literature, I first note one of the things to the stability of its structural units such as comedy, some type of theme, plot and character from Aristophanes times until today where almost not changed much to keep down. I have used ' The prototype of this' term to represent these structural units ... "③. From Fry's the definition of the concept of "prototype" we can see that in the archetypal criticism "prototype" is an independent structural unit, can be imagery, symbolism, themes, characters, they were formed in the course of cultural development established language connotation, repeated in different literary works, and people rely on a particular cultural environment to fully understand. "Prototype embodies the power of the literary tradition, they isolated the works of each other banded together, the literature has become a special form of social communication." ④ "prototype" of the most important concept to define, Fry began to build the system The myth of archetypal criticism. The so-called myth and archetypal criticism, is through an independent structural units of the "prototype" (mythology) in literature, and thus to capture the overall commonalities and evolution of the literary genre. Fry believes that the course of development of literature from the point of view, literary narrative evolved from the myth of development, a myth is a story. "Because of the story, so the myth has a potential literary and other types of stories, less attention to the narrative of the gods, such as folk tales, heroes and legends belonging to the same morphological type of these stories with the scope of what we call literature the constant development of the emergence of the traditional myth into a fictional novel, legendary and epic ...... ".

The ⑤ myth as the oldest literary narrative is the prototype of the basic literature, various types of literary genre evolved from the myth of development. Mythology as the first form of literature, creative development for the subsequent literature provides a basic theme, narrative structure, and mode "myth mode" (ie the story of God Di, the action of which characters are the Titanic) all models in the literature, is the most abstract, most programmable 1 various literary categories such as comedy, tragedy, irony, through myth replacement product of deformation and Fry, in all certain myths mythology plays a more important position in people's minds these myths "is more serious, more authoritative, more wealth to the teachings of the force closer to the truth." ② Fry these myths that as the core of the myth of the Bible as a master of the Western culture, of course, Fry, defined as the core myth, the Bible, "European poets a myth framework," in Western literature directly from the Bible myth This is a historical fact. "

③ The Fry according to the Bible to establish a core myth of the framework, this framework is the center of the myth and archetypal criticism, he made it clear that:" We will use the Bible in symbolic systems, and to a lesser extent on the use of classical mythology, as the basic rules of literary prototype. ④ The Frye to start from the Christian Bible, mythology and ancient Greek and Roman mythology to explore the basic types and narrative structure in the development of Western literature. Frye Western literature there are five basic modes: the myth, the legendary, high-imitate (Romantic), low to imitate (realism) and the irony, the development of Western culture is from the myth, and then successively transformed into comedy, romance, tragedy, the final evolution of irony and satire. to this final stage, appeared return to the trend of the myth, while clues to follow the developments and changes in literary genre is Archetyps

In this way, the literary history of the various types of literary creation, can be linked together through some basic prototype, so that literature has become a system the unity of nature, and in which the changes or the law of development. archetypal criticism in literary studies to establish a panoramic vision of literature, it requires a high degree of attention to the literary tradition of emphasis on the analysis of various literary works , it should focus on which of interrelated factors, a variety of literary composition factors - the name of the genre, theme, structure, and even work into the culture as a whole examined from a broader perspective to examine the composition of works of literature overall grasp. archetypal criticism, literature with ancient mythology, religious rituals and folk customs are closely linked. "literary prototype of a poem with other poetry linked help our literary experience into a whole, and then condensed into a literary experience of human experience, human beings on the natural form of human process and such a person of the process will also be unified as a whole, which the literature to understand the world in their own form of understanding the world and even re-interpretation of the world.

"①" The Thorn Birds "as a product of Western culture, its creation and the Bible also has a bond, Colleen 'McCullough's Christian cultural background, and the book a strong religious atmosphere, characters and story are confirmed the Bible, its influence and role. Next, the theory of archetypal criticism, from the characters, theme, plot, structure and other aspects of "The Thorn Birds" in the Bible prototype for analysis.#p#分頁標題#e#

2.2 Characteristics of Prototype Theory

2.3 Related concept about Prototype Theory

2.4 The value of Prototype Theory

Chapter 3 :Archetypal Analysis of Characters

3.1 Analyze Holy Bible archetypal in the character

According to prototype theory, the myth of the typical story will be repeated in the earth. In "Old Testament · Creation Century ", the human Adam and Eve were living in the Garden of God's Eden, due to the temptation of snake ate distinguish the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, God expelled from the Garden of Eden. Pedro in "The Thorn Birds" Haida, also staged a modern version of Adam and Eve.In PedroHaida of "The Thorn Birds" , also staged a modern version of Adam and Eve Story.

Ralph--Adam

In "The Thorn Birds", Ralph is the descendants of the Irish aristocracy,he had formal theological education,he is very talented, and also has an unrivaled handsome appearance and extraordinary intelligence. Tall stature and well-proportioned body soul, handsome, full of aristocratic appearance, the various parts of the body with a very harmonious.

Chapter4 :Conclusion

“There is a legend about a bird，which sings just once in its life，more sweetly than any other creatures on the face of the earth.From the moment it leaves the nest it searches for a thorn tree，and does not rest until it has found one.Then，singing among the savage branches，it impales itself upon the longest，sharpest spine.And，dying，it rises above its own agony to out—carol the lark and the nightingale.One superlative song，existence the price，but the whole world stills to listen，and God in His heaven smiles.For the best is only bought at the cost of great pain…"

As Colleen McCullough wrote in the title:" For the best is only bought at the cost of great pain."The reference of the legend is very extensive, however, it's pretty appropriate to describe the love of Maggie and Ralph.In reality, the priest Ralph has promised himself to God,but he loved Maggie and he don't want to betray himself. Maggie knew that she can not be together with Ralph, but she still adhere to steal her own things from God. The more persistent,the more painful, and she finally paid a heavy price for their "Willfulness".

Maggie should have expected the pain, and Annie's advice ringing in our ears:because of the gods' jealousy, "the object of love out of flowers in full bloom, it destroyed.But Maggie still headlong thorns into the chest , such as The Thorn Birds, until the depletion of life. Maggie said: "Everything is my own cause, no resentment." When love can transcend physical to eternal life, Maggie's thoroughly love for Ralph is pure and persistence.Unfortunately,when face to Ralph's doubts and stubborn, her love is in vain.#p#分頁標題#e#