South Africa, Brazil, Argentina electricity market operation inspection report

On October 12, 2004-28, by state grid production operations director of the YuWeiGuo carries a line of six people in South Africa, Brazil, Argentina and other countries of the electricity market operation 代寫留學生電力市場營銷dissertationwas investigated. During the investigation, visited South Africa's ESKOM company, Brazil state power company, Argentina company, and with the related experts for communication and fruitful.

A, South Africa, Brazil, Argentina electricity market operation basic situation

1, South Africa electricity market operation

South Africa's power industry started in 1880. Later, with gold and diamond mines, coal mining and the scale of the growing, South Africa's power industry and continuous development. In 1922 the government expert

A electrical method, South Africa in 1923 founded The power supply commission (The Electricity SupplyCommission: ESCOM), to sending a monopoly power management. 1985 years after the modification of electrical, will committee form of entity of the company form reorganization to entities. In 1987 it instead as ESKOM and continue to use up to now. ESKOM no shareholders, through the loans, issuing bonds and sales income funds, belong to state-operated company. According to the 1987 ESKOM method, electric committee (Electricity Council) and Management Board of directors (Management Board) is founded. Electric committee is the highest policy-making body of the ESKOM, decided to policy, objectives, and implement supervision.

The board of directors of the business is business executive agencies ESKOM, the electric committee for policy management ESKOM affairs.

At present, ESKOM is the world's fourth most electric power production and fifth largest power sales enterprise, accounting for two-thirds of the capacity of the whole of Africa, has the world's largest dry power station, South Africa and all must supply 95% of the electricity consumption by 60%. It's power transmission network is the north extended into the adjacent in sub-saharan countries.

(1) the installed capacity and turbine

South Africa's power generation equipment in thermal power equipment mainly, at present thermal power installed capacity of the national total

The installed capacity of 89%, and the majority is coal-fired units, and a small amount of gas turbine

Group and diesel generating set. Gas wheel is mainly used for peak by the accident and set aside. Coal-fired unit capacity

In the s to 200000 kW is given priority to, the 70 s expanded to 500000 kW, 80

S further expand to 600000 kW or more. The power plant coal quality is poorer, ash is high, of sulfur

Low amount. Large coal fired power plant of building in coal mine area, the signet of power plant; And because the South Africa territory

Less river, water power difficulties, large-scale unit by almost all air cooling technology. 1966 years

South Africa in the first Grootvlei power plant no. 5 and 6 machine construction machine air cooling tower, mark#p#分頁標題#e#

The ESKOM the first air cooling system. Construction began in 1982, built in 1993

Kendal power plant is now the world's largest coal-fired power plant, by adopting indirect air-cooled system, its

Cooling tower is the world of the largest such cooling tower. Another famous air cooling power plant is

Matimba power plant, the factory with the world's largest direct air-cooling system.

South Africa guohe river sparse, less rainfall, the development of hydropower resources can be few. The main

The two have ESKOM hydropower station a conventional hydropower station and 2 a pumped storage power station, take on the electricity

Nets peak load and as accident. Set aside.

South Africa Koeberg nuclear power station is South Africa, and is the only continent only a

Nuclear power plant. It is located in the north Atlantic side of Cape Town, equipped with 2 sets of nominal capacity for 965000

KW PWR, South Africa 1.84 million kW or supply 6.5% of the power demand. The plant

Since 1984 operation, undertake basic load, already accumulative total power generation 81 billion kW. H.

South Africa's new energy research plan by ESKOM implementation and began in 1998.

The purpose of the program is to decide the scale of practical generating new energy can become future ESKOM

And South Africa a selection of power supply side. At present, the plan includes four parts: wind and the sun

Can, unaltered and wave power generation. Wind power and solar power research progress are the fastest, will soon

To introduce demonstration project. Organisms and wave power generating research is still in its early stages of the project development

Section.

Wind power research include large wind power to Africa know the influence of the environment; The wind

Power generating the most suitable method and scale; Preparation of wind power market and industry; Survey wind

Power in Africa's sustainable development, etc. At present the feasibility study is underway, also under construction

A demonstration project.

Solar power generation technology research plan in February 2001 to finish, 2001 ~ 2003

Carrying out feasibility studies, if approved, the power plant construction to start in 2004, 2005,-

Put to use.

(2) transmission and transformation and the grid

South Africa's coal-fired power plants built in the northern part of most near coalfield, need to pass to long-distance transmission

Load transfer center. South Africa's transmission system with 400 kV and 275 kV primarily, ESKOM

Have the grid and operation of, still run 765 kV lines and dc 533

KV lines. South Africa has built a large number of current 400 kV power transmission lines of the north will pit electricity

Factory and inland and coastal cities such as the important Johannesburg, Pretoria, bloemfontein,

Cape Town, port Elizabeth, east London and durban, etc and many mines and factories serve is strong#p#分頁標題#e#

Big national power grid. From the 60 s, South Africa with power grid has moved into lesotho, Swaziland,

Mozambique, Botswana, namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe has United Kingdom grid

Network lines.

South Africa's distribution business ESKOM and local ZiZhiTi operation. ESKOM of the power distribution

Department is South Africa's biggest power distribution enterprise, its user accounts for 40% of all users, the sale of electricity

Quantity accounted for 57%. ZiZhiTi place in their respective administrative areas monopoly in distribution business.

South Africa is currently on electricity market reform. The South African government reorganization plan ESKOM

In order to improve the working efficiency of the enterprise. In addition to transmission business other than most business will gradually

Privatisation. The government has claimed the company 10% of power generation capacity will be completed in 2004 privatisation.

The South African government in August 1997 announced a distribution plan. South Africa will be divided into five

A regions, by ESKOM and the local government was composed of joint venture, called

REDS (at that time ESKOM 60% of the electricity directly to end users power supply).

REDS in accordance with state power management organizations (NER) issued from power generation enterprise wholesale price

(ESKOM and IPPS) buy electricity. This is to break the monopoly in gradually ESKOM first step.

2, Brazil electricity market operation

Brazil is the largest country in Latin America, and eastern is in South America. Area of 854.7

All km2, fifth in the world. In 1999 a population of 163.9 million. By the end of 1999, Brazil

Power grid of four large network of power system and more than 300 isolated small system; assembly

Machine capacity and 1 million kW, of which 93% for hydropower, Total generating capacity for 330 billion

KW. H; 230 ~ 750 kV ac lines and + 600 kV dc lines a total length of 64000 km.

According to the current plan, the next 10 years Brazil will double the installed power; Thermal power installed let

Volume will is three times the current installed; 4 a networking system to further strengthen the contact; Further hair

Exhibition new international networking; New 230 kV voltage grade and above transmission line 20847 km;

New power generation is expected to invest about $11.1 billion, new transmission investment (34.5 kV and to

), about $5.4 billion.

The Brazilian is currently electricity market reform. Specific as follows:

(1) gradually privatized

Brazil in the 90 s, there are all kinds of electric power company 39, including power generation company a,

Power generation and transmission of the combination of four companies, power generation, transmission and distribution of the combination of company 9,

Distribution company 25, in 39 have 10 to private companies, accounting for 25.6%;#p#分頁標題#e#

To October 2000 Brazil has a power company 62, 44 for private company,

71%; According to business divisions, involving power generation business of 26, private accounted for 58%; involves

Transmission business 16, private accounted for 6%; Distribution and retail business involves the 40, private

One company accounted for 70%.

(2), establish a new power industry management system

The government through the legal and policy and planning guidance, the national power management to the highest department

The door is national energy policy committee (CNPE), in CNPE below have mineral department of energy

(MME) and energy secretary (SEN), energy secretary leadership a planning agency (CCPE)

Responsible for the planning for electric power development put forward, guiding the electric power industry development. Planning agency staff root

According to the content of the planning by the relevant departments temporary, the formation CCPE responsible for, such as Brazil networking

Planning agencies have FURNAS electric company personnel to participate in.

Formation of the independent regulators (ANNEL), responsible for electric power market technology and economic party

The supervision work, about 200 people, in Brasilia.

Founded the independent state power system the operation (ONS). In October 1998, Brazil

The country electric power system the operation (ONS) is established, on March 1, 1999 full operation.

The main duties of the ONS is: the operation state networking system (SIN), the management of state power transmission network.

The main purpose is to maintain the harmonious operation can get because of the comprehensive benefit and ensure power supply

Quality, for the electric power industry between agencies fair and justice competition creates the condition. ONS of

By 61 the home including power generation, transmission and distribution, retail, electric power importers, exporters, electric power

The power of the free market user, the committee, mineral department of energy, YiTaiPu power transaction generation

The power factor of company and department. The highest policy-making body is the shareholders' meeting, in the 21 000

In a vote, power suppliers and users of 9 000, transmission companies account for 3 000. in

The shareholders' meeting under the management committee, in the management committee, the power suppliers have seven members,

Users have seven members, transmission has four members, the government is a mineral department of energy committee

Member, but its have 1 ticket veto. In the management committee under the executive committee. Visible ONS

Management and decision making is very complex, agreement is very difficult, but guaranteed the ONS independence

Justice.

Begin from 1999, authorized by the regulatory agency, ONS of Brazil into electric power system

The unified dispatching line. ONS divided into center office (is in Rio DE janeiro), state control#p#分頁標題#e#

The heart (in Brasilia) and four regions of the control center, a total of personnel of about 500 people.

Company every year from power generation and distribution and other companies charge about 6 0 million dollars. company

Includes: establishing operation plans for the next 5 years of load demand forecast evaluation, optimize the endowment

Source and the power network operation analysis, including the annual operating plan, season power research, month operation plan and electricity

Nets analysis, etc.; Make electricity generation plan, according to the power to declare a utilization rate and network technology, press

Expected to load, on water, according to the power plant every 30 min scheduled to power generation plan; Responsible for the system

Line, to power the operation of the system monitoring; Responsible for transmission services and transmission of the contract management,

Transmission of statistics, transmission facilities and inspected by capacity transmission cost accounting, about every month on average

$1 / kW; To power development and reconstruction plan put forward the suggestion, according to the reliability and ensure that electricity

Nets continuous operating need, to the power grid to strengthen and expand the necessity of evaluation, carries on the network

The research and evaluation, etc. The ONS work with CCPE cohesion, ANEEL responsible for the examination and approval and approval.

Because hydropower resources are rich, Brazil power system hydropower accounts for 93%, there are 43 large

Reservoir, the water and electricity group of regulation performance. Long-term since, Brazil's power system scheduling consideration

The characteristics of hydropower significant than, accumulated a wealth of experience, formed the optimization to realize the resource match

Buy the economic and reasonable scheduling rules, its scheduled for: every river of cascade hydropower stations in league

And scheduling; The same river basin of cascade hydropower stations all united operation; All of the cascade inter-basin water

United operation power station; Cross area all united operation of hydropower station; All of the hydroelectric plants group and thermal power

The standing united operation. In hydropower station in the group of scheduling, considering the flood control of hydropower project, and other comprehensive benefit

With demand, by national water control agencies through the control provisions realized. In 1975-1998,

By 18 companies coalition scheduling coordination team joint scheduling, 1998 years later

代寫留學生電力市場營銷dissertationBy the ONS scheduling. The estimate, take the scheduling rules realize united operation, and water and electricity

Stand alone than scheduling, water electricity energy utilization ratio increases by about 24%, according to the current price calculation,

Can increase 4.5 billion reais ($2.2 billion) of income, has the huge economic efficiency#p#分頁標題#e#

The victims.

Founded the independent power market operation and management agency (MAE), responsible for electric power market

Participants of the trade between power and settlement. All of the power generation company, electric power wholesalers, small

Users, distribution company, and according to the tape of the hydropower station agent, etc. Can be through the MAE reality

Now sell electricity, also can sell electricity between each other directly, the bilateral contract 85% or so.

3, root ting, electric power market operation

(1), root ting, general electric power system

Argentina power system situation as below:

(2), electric power reform process and legislation

Argentina power system began in 23696, the restructuring of the act (1989), namely, the country

Reform bill. The bill would require the government administrative department of state-owned enterprise restructuring and privatization.

Then, in 1991, in order to implement the national reform bill, economy minister and signed the 634/91

Th law, the law on the classification of the power industry valuation, power generation, transmission and distribution and scheduling work

Can private participation in activities proposed guidelines. The law also defines each service areas

The service provider in the rights and obligations, ordered to set up the new industry management entities and large electricity

Force wholesale market, and for the power of the privatisation of field put forward the general schedule and plan.

Power adjustment act (no. 24065 bill, 1992) is the electric power industry reform and the private sector

Turn the key. The bill of electric power industry is reconstructed and transformation, and allow private enterprise engaged in

Only the federal affiliated companies can before all the business activities engaged in. The bill would also create a

A management entities and other institutionalized functional departments, and worked out a detailed electricity wholesale market

Management rules. The bill also includes determine management area rate programs and asset privatization

Program.

Argentina of power market reform principles include:

Power associated type: Argentina is closely associated power of electric power associated. All the links

To the Lord on the power grid power providers must attend scheduling, submit its power generation capacity, according to the audit costs

The unified dispatching.

The market management: the country electric power management committee (ENRE) carry out most of the standardization

Management functions. The energy committee is responsible for the formulation of the electricity market technical specification, to lift the market design

The modification of the proposal to make it more adapted to the actual needs. Electric power market itself by the power of the wholesale market

Richard company (CAMMESA) is responsible for the operation. The company is also responsible for the national grid scheduling and luck#p#分頁標題#e#

Line.

Ensure competition: because the market without specific undertake the market supervision institutions,

Market design the main focus on establishing and maintaining the market structure. According to the audit costs through tone

Degree, demand side participation, cross has and market share ownership restrictions to weaken the market manipulation

The influence of forces.

Ensure the supply: to ensure the peak has enough in Hollywood marginal capacity, in the market design

http://www.ttc-switch.com/dissertation_writing/Marketing/2012/0326/1102.html Using the method of payment capacity cost. In order to strengthen the market fixed capacity, the method is

If in the peak time distribution company and specific by big users of the load is lower than predicted, they come in

Do mandatory punishment. These distribution companies and users should ensure that the load forecast value to meet

Fixed capacity of the needs of the market. Also, if the power suppliers is regarded to supply shortages responsible for,

They also will be punished.

(3), market management organization setup

The economy and the production department responsible for the affairs of the energy industry, and the energy committee on behalf of the exercise

Power. The energy committee is responsible for formulating national energy policy, for the electric power market definition operation criteria.

The energy committee responsible for electric power industry supervision, and the changes of electric market put forward the proposal.

The country electric power management committee (ENRE) for the electric power industry definition technology, safety, and luck

Line standard, transmission and distribution enterprise's approval rate. The commission shall be responsible for the supervision of unsupervised lose

Electricity and distribution enterprise comply with existing laws, rules, operation criteria, including service quality, environment

Standard etc. ENRE responsible for protection market, to avoid the monopolistic conduct, are responsible for solving industry

In dispute, protect user interests. ENRE has five term of 5 years members. They are through

The competition of the election, and the energy committee submitted to the congress. Part of the committee

The budget is funded by the enterprise.

Electricity wholesale market management companies (CAMMESA) is responsible for the management of electric power wholesale market

And running, is also responsible for the current rules according to the schedule of power plants, make they can enter into power city

Field operation. The company's members include country electric power industry are responsible for the government departments and the four hair

Electricity, transmission and distribution and marketing representative.

(4), present market situation

Argentina the operation status of power market as below:

In Argentina has two major Internet area, each region has its own power market:#p#分頁標題#e#

Electricity wholesale market-MEM and south Patagonia electricity wholesale market-MEMSP.

MEM has 95% of the installed capacity, MEMSP scale is small. Therefore, the following will

Focusing on MEM.

Argentina power market is the operation mode of the electric power wholesale market (MEM), through the MEM

Realize the balance of supply and demand. MEM participants is the power suppliers, power distributors, transmission male

Company, main big users (more than 50 MW users, see below), and market operators.

Big users are divided into three classes, have different duties and participate in the contract of privilege. Big user package

Requirements: