消費者行為研究留學dissertation

消費行為是對消費者的一項研究，研究消費者使用或選擇商品的過程，也是研究消費者在不同情況買或不買某一個商品的原因。消費行為可以幫助我們很好的理解購買者的決策過程，購買者不僅是個人，也可以是不同的群體。所有營銷決策都是基于知識和消費者行為的假設而制定的。（馬勒斯堡和霍金斯，2007年）這篇文章論證了什么是態度，態度的成分以及如何使態度改變。本文將著重討論如何改變消費者的態度，以及這些變化如何影響消費者行為；它將以廣告作為例子進行論述。
 

據吉納維芙霍金斯和西蒙(2006年)研究表明，態度是一定環境下的動機、情感、感性和認知過程的一個組合。換句話說，態度是人們思考和感覺的一種方式，也是人們根據他們的所思所想做出的適當反應的過程，態度可以促使人們作出不同的決策。例如，當有人提到蘋果時，首先在你腦海中出現的是iPhone 4以及它的多功能現代設計。這就是當有人提到蘋果時，人們持有的態度，而這種態度是積極的。(吉納維芙霍金斯&西蒙,2006年)
 

Consumer behavior is a study of consumers and what the processes they would like to use or choose, it is also a study of why people do or do not buy a product based on different situation. It can help us to have a good understanding about the buyer decision making process, not only for individual, but also for different groups. All the marketing decisions are based on knowledge and assumptions of consumer behavior. (Mothersbaugh and Hawkins, 2007) The article demonstrates what is attitude, attitude components and how to make attitude change. On the other hand, the article will focus on how to change attitudes and how these changes can affect consumer behavior; it will use advertisement as a example.
 

According to Genevieve, Hawkins & Simone (2006), an attitude is a combination of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes with respect to some extent of environment. To put it differently, an attitude is the way people thinking or feeling and act properly based on their thinking or feeling, making different decision. For example, when someone talking about Apple, the first thing appears in your head is iPhone 4 and its multifunctional modern design. This is the attitude people hold when someone talking about Apple and it is positive. (Genevieve, Hawkins & Simone, 2006)
 

Moreover, attitude also acts as an important influence on, or picture of an individual’s lifestyle. That is to say, attitudes are, to some aspect, both the result and source of behavior. For example, as mentioned before, when you saw iPhone 4 in retail store and your attitudes tell you that it is a good product and it is worth for you to buy it. Oppositely, the behavior you act before tell you that although iPhone 4 is a good cell phone, there are too many people already have it and you do not want to have a cell phone that almost every person have the same like you, so finally, you may not buy it. Notwithstanding, it is important to note that attitudes and behavior are not equally. (Genevieve, Hawkins & Simone, 2006)#p#分頁標題#e#
 

In addition, attitude has three components, which referred to as the tri-component attitude model. The first one is the cognitive component, which is an attitude including a consumer’s knowledge and beliefs about an attitude object. The cognitive evaluations about an attitude object may be more subjective or objective. For example, when it comes to orange juice, subjective view tell you that it tastes good, while objective view says it contains different vitamin. The second one is the affective component, it is about what the consumer feels or the emotional reactions they hold about an attitude object. Such as a consumer who states ‘I like “Nike”’ or ‘“Nike” is a bad brand’ is the results of expressing an affective or emotional evaluation of the product. The last one is the behavioral component; it means what is the tendency of previously attitude keeper in a proper manner towards an attitude object. This component is teaching you make a series of decisions to purchase or not to purchase a product, or recommend the product to your friends or your family. Above all, a change in one attitude component will tend to produce related changes in the other component, namely the principle of cognitive consistency. (Genevieve, Hawkins & Simone, 2006)
 

As mentioned before, attitude is a study predisposition to act in a consistently favorable or unfavorable mood with respect to a given object. Moreover, the attitude change leaded to by operating the marketing mix can be illustrated by many government agencies’ aims to reduce socially irresponsible behaviors. For example, the national Tobacco Campaign in 1997 put a lot of commercials on television, saying that ‘Every Cigarette is Doing You Damage’. After this advertisement appeared, it generated a significant increase in quitting intentions and doubled calls to the Quit line. To let smokers know that cigarette is damage their body. The other way is to show how much tar can collect in a smoker’s lungs over a year, give a brief feeling for the smoker to make them change their behavior. (Genevieve, Hawkins & Simone, 2006)
 

Attitude change aim is to affect alteration of consumer attitude and reinforcing the existing positive attitudes about their brands. Recently, it is increasingly common for a company to influence consumers’ liking of its brand without influencing either beliefs or behavior directly, which means the company should only need to change the affective component. If the company is successful, to increase favorite will bring more positive beliefs, which means it could lead to more customer to buy this product. But commonly, increase favorite will just bring more consumers to buy this product. In this situation, marketers use three basic approaches to increase affect directly, which are showed as follows: The first one is classical conditioning, which is the process of using an known relationship between a response and a stimulus, to bring about the learning of the same response even have different stimulus. For example, if an advertisement uses a well-known music as their background music, it repeats again and again in the television. Someday, when someone walk through the street, and listen to this music, it may also bring this brand image in their head and let them familiar with this brand. The second one is affect towards the advertisement. Positive affect towards the advertisement may advance liking for the brand through classical conditioning, or it may be a more high-involvement, conscious process. The use of celebrities, humor or emotional appeals will increase liking to a brand through advertisement. For example, Yao Ming is the spokesperson represent to Coca Cola, because of this; some fans of Yao Ming may choose Coca Cola rather than choosing Coke. The main reason is just because they like Yao Ming. The third one is mere exposure, is a way to simply repeatedly presenting a brand, wherever the consumers goes, they can see this brand and get familiar with them. For example, when a freshman firstly come to UTAS, they do not know which bank is better and convenience for them to use, but after several days, they find almost everyone open an new account in Commonwealth Bank, so they get familiar with this bank. Finally, they decided to build a new account in Commonwealth Bank. On the other hand, it is important to know that even classical conditioning or mere exposure have more than an effect on attitude formation rather than on attitude change. However, they would be more useful to those consumers who already have either a positive or a neutral attitude to a product comparing to consumers who hold a negative attitude. (Genevieve, Hawkins & Simone, 2006)
 

Changing the behavioral component is another way to make the attitude change. For example, if P does not like drink soft drink, but one day P went to T’s house and T said that soft drink is really nice. Because T is a friend of P, so they may be glad to have a bottle of soft drink. After that, P find out that soft drink really taste good and changing to like it. Changing the cognitive component, which means changing the belief to a brand, is also a good way to make the attitude change. It is easier to change brand belief than desired benefits. There are four basic marketing strategies are used for changing the cognitive structure of a consumer’s attitude: which are changing beliefs about the attributes of the brand, changing the relative importance of these beliefs, adding new beliefs and changing beliefs about the attributes of the ideal brand.
 

Above all, using advertising to change consumer attitudes is very useful. Advertising communication is aim to increase the awareness of or serve as a change mechanism of consumer attitudes. A good advertisement will change consumer attitudes for a period or make a long-term attitude towards a brand or a product. Moreover, the objective of advertising communication is to affect consumers to make at least one trial purchase. Buying one thing again and again can be affected by many factors, such as how well product benefits satisfy needs or the response of the consumer’s reference groups. In addition, advertisers try to change negative attitudes to a positive factor; some of those attitudes are steady and related to personality. In this situation, change of beliefs will not be sufficient to change attitude. For example, the consumers who have higher education levels, their attitude will change according to they get the new information (Hashim, 1985). Advertisers also need to think about what the consumers react to their different surrounding environment, which can influence ultimately attitudes and beliefs.
 

According to Berkowitz (1989), there are five ways to change attitudes towards a particular product through advertising. The first one is the advertiser can show how to use their product in an appropriate social context if consumers attitudes are related to a social occasion. For example, 7-Up demonstrate that young people always drinking this product at the party. The second one is advertisers can say they have added a remarkable attribute to the product; some consumer may feel that they may have a good quality and turn to buy it. For example, 7-Up advertisements highlight the “no-caffeine” attribute. Followed by advertising can make consumers pay more attention to the attribute, even change their beliefs to one product. 7-Up appeals to consumers who do not like caffeine or who trust the “no-caffeine” attribute is the key point to their consumption decision. The fourth one is advertising can change consumer feelings about different product. Last but no the least, advertising can change consumer feelings by using the comparative advertisement to show the different price, quality or benefit, such as Nike and Adidas.
 

As mentioned before, it demonstrates that advertising plays a main role to influence a consumer who has a positive attitude towards a product. Moreover, advertising can also play a role in changing the negative attitudes to positive attitudes, which means that attitude is one of the elements that the advertiser try to influence, to change their beliefs and behavior. To put it like this, the key role of advertising is to keep a consistent attitude with the consumer, after that, the primary role of any advertiser is to create a way that can enhance this consistency overtime.
 

Draws in conclusion; there are three attitude component which are the affective component, the behavioral component and the cognitive component. And there are also three ways to change attitude, which are change the affective component, change the behavioral component and change the cognitive component. According to the article, advertisement is a best way for a company to make attitude change.