加拿大地理方面的本科課程essay修改-Migration Patterns from Mongolia to North-west China throughout the Twentieth Century: The Zhang Family

 

The Chinese government always has strict policies on both domestic and intercontinental migration via a Hukou system which records the information of every citizen of China and the city each individual was born in is considered as where the person belongs and people cannot move arbitrarily. Thus, in the old times most migrants moved for political reasons such as strengthening the control of border areas and booming up the economy and nowadays people migrate normally for economic or social and culture reasons. Two large interprovincial migrations occurred around the 1900s when the Chinese government was scramble for the Mongolia area with the Soviet Union and Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. However, because of the looser policies are published an increasing number of Chinese citizens migrant according to their own desires which are commonly for higher life quality or more job opportunities.中國政府一直有嚴格的政策在國內和洲際遷移通過湖口系統記錄中國的每一個公民的信息和城市的每一個人是天生的在被認為是哪里人，人不能隨意走動。因此，在舊時代的大多數移民遷出于政治原因，如加強邊境地區和繁榮經濟，如今人們遷移通常經濟或社會和文化因素的控制。兩個大的省際人口遷移發生在1900年的時候，1966～1976中國政府與蘇聯爭奪和文化革命的蒙古地區。然而，由于寬松的政策公布，越來越多的中國公民按照自己的意愿移民為高質量的生活和更多的就業機會。

 

In the old times Chinese people were not willing to move so plenty of Han population(Over 92% of Chinese population are Han )were forced by the government to migrate to Inner Mongolia between 1901 and 1910 in order to enhance their control of the Mongol area( Kotkin&Elleman, 1999, P). My ancestors, for example, were forced to migrate from Hebei province to Inner Mongolia during that period and settled down there. They were ordered to build Chinese style houses and teach Mongolian people Chinese language. In addition, many migrants were ordered to marry Mongolian people for the sake of accelerating the diffusion of Chinese culture into Mongolia. Also, during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Chinese people had a heavy worship on Chairman Mao and followed anything he said fanatically. Therefore, a large number of Chinese who live in east or south part of China migrated to North-west China and Inner Mongolia for Mao's appeal. Some young people volunteered to go while some of them were sent to North-west or Inner Mongolia "to be 'remoulded' through physical labour". In the meanwhile, some veterans were sent to North-west China or Inner Mongolia because the government cannot find suitable jobs for them(…). My great-grandfather is one of those veterans. He attended wars since seventeen which means he did not have a chance to learn any skills to make a life. Thus, the government sent him to Shaanxi province in order to reclaim the wasteland in North-west China and develop rural industrialization. The government gave my great-grandfather some lands and he was registered in the Hukou system as people from Yan'an, Shaanxi so that he settled down there. Moreover, the government omitted some data during the Cultural Revolution but according to my interviews of my grandparents, because a large number of those migrants were not willing to stay in North-west and Inner Mongolia, the government actually assigned native people of North-west and Inner Mongolia as spouses for some migrants to make sure they settle down for the Chinese people would like to keep the whole family as close as they can do.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

In the 1970s the economy in coastal cities and large cities was boomed up due to the reform and opening-up policy. Since then, more and more people are migrating to those cities for more job opportunities. In recent years some people move back to North-west China for agriculture or breeding industry because the lands are cheaper in North-west. For instance, my great-uncle, Liangui, migrated to Shanghai in his twenties (around 1977) for work but he had a hard time there since he is not highly educated. Thus Liangui moved back to Yan’an, Shaanxi province in a few years for pig-breeding industry when price of pig was increasing dramatically. My mother migrants from Yan’an to Xi’an the capital city of Shaanxi province because there are larger market or more customers of her business in the city of Xi’an which it is the largest city in North-West China.

 

In China there is a large population migrating domestically for social and cultural reasons. The main reason for most of Chinese parents migrating to big cities of China is to send their children to widely-known high schools, which are normally located in those large cities, for higher education quality. This kind migration occurs because most Chinese parents believe that students who go to famous high schools have higher possibilities to enter famous universities like Tsinghua University or some other universities outside China. In addition, parents or even the whole family would boast of their daughter’s or son’s achievement of entering a famous university. Thus, many Chinese parents would move to wherever their children’s schools are so that their offspring does not need to take care of anything except their school work and maximizing their GPAs in order to get into top universities. For example, my uncle Xiasheng migrates to Xi’an, Shaanxi province four years ago because his three daughters all got offers from schools in that city. However, not everyone would be able to do this because if someone wants to go to a school in a city other than the city s/he belongs to, that person will either pay higher tuition fees or buy a house around the school s/he goes to. Both methods costs a large amount of money so some students will migrate to some areas in North-West China which is cheap since those areas are less developed than the coastal cities and also universities may require lower GPAs for students from the North-West according to the government policies. For instance, my sister migrates from Xi’an, Shaanxi to Yenki, Sikiang province which is on the north of Tibet. In this way, she was admitted to her ideal university with a total score of 450 which would be 544 if she took the university entrance examination as a citizen from the city of Xi’an. 

 

In conclusion, the large-scale migrations of Chinese people appeared in the twentieth century mainly for three reasons: political reasons, economy reasons, and social and cultural reasons. In early twentieth century the actions of migrating were commanded by the government in order to achieve some political purposes which are generally about the governance of border areas of China and development of economy in certain regions such as the North-West China and Inner Mongolia. In recent years migrations are more flexible due to the changes of government policies. Consequently Chinese people start to migrate interprovincially or internationally in order to live on their ideal life. That means instead of being forced to migrate into undesirable areas, most of the migrants nowadays are moving on their own willing to cities or countries they would like to go.總之，中國人的大規模移民出現在第二十世紀，主要原因有三：政治原因，經濟原因，社會和文化方面的原因。在第二十世紀初遷移行動指揮的政府為了達到某種政治目的，一般約在某些地區如中國和內蒙古西北部的中國經濟的發展和邊疆地區的治理。在最近幾年的遷徙更靈活，由于政府政策的變化。因此，中國人開始遷移interprovincially或國際上為了他們的理想生活。這意味著不是被迫遷移到不受歡迎的地區，大多數的移民現在正在去自己愿意城市或國家。#p#分頁標題#e#