概要

知識代表被著被重新整理提取的知識形式，而文字信息代表了被重新整理提取的數據形式，因此，很多文字被當成知識在人與人之間被嚴肅并且明確地傳遞。由于這種現象的發生，人們采用了不同的技術去進行分享知識，其中的一個就是智價企業論技術。我們過去討論的項目大多都是建立在智價企業論技術的基礎上的，它在傳遞知識的過程中發揮著非常重要的作用。智價企業論是被廣泛認知的技術，它其中一個優點就是矩陣。矩陣是指使用獨立或者集體的方式，通過嚴肅或者明確的格式進行知識傳遞的方式。它通常也會通過從一個形式到另一個形式去信息知識的傳遞。這種一對一的過程就是社會化，個體通過分享經驗、觀察和模仿等行為，直接從其他人處獲得隱性知識。還有一種知識傳遞方式是客觀化的。與社會化不同，它通常會在把隱性信息具象表達化的過程中，將隱性信息轉化為明確信息。在傳遞技術中使用的其他方式組成一個集合，它會對明確知識的主體進行系統性概念歸納的過程中把信息從明確化傳遞到明確化。最后一個技術便是內化，它是指將知識從明確轉換到靜默的過程，其主要實現手段是把將知識變成口語化的或者文件化的形式，以便于幫助人們找到關于某個特定主題的知識。許多非政府組織都使用這種傳遞技術，當大災難發生的時候它會組成某些特定團隊給大眾傳遞他們所需要的信息。這些慈善機構的工作是收集捐款并且用這些捐款建設公共地區，例如圖書館，或者是公眾所需要的合適的地方。它們通常通過紙質載體記錄信息或者報告，因為如果它們想打開任何備忘錄的話，紙質報告是最方便的。與此同時因為紙質信息不方便電腦傳遞，因此知識也會被轉換到電腦上傳給當地部門，以確保如果有人需要這些知識的話它們能夠提供給他們。那些為了有需要的人群提供服務的慈善組織在我們的機構中是非常重要的，它也給那些幫助有需要人士的人提供了新的機會。慈善工作最主要的好處就是當災難發生并且人手嚴重不足時，它們可以發動人們去當志愿者，還有一個就是人們會鍛煉到自己的用藥知識。

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
 

As knowledge means a refined form of information and the word information means the refine form of data. Therefore, there are a lot of information's which is shared as knowledge from person to person tacitly and explicitly. Due to which there are different techniques that is adopted when using knowledge sharing with others. Among them we have adopted Nonaka & Takeuchi technique. The project that we are used to focus on it is totally based on the techniques of Nonaka & Takeuchi Technique. Nonaka & Takeuchi technique plays an important role in such a way that we can use to transfer our information and it is widely known technique whole around the world. One of the good point that involves in this technique is knowledge matrix which is use to transfer knowledge in explicit or tacit format in the form of individual or collective method. It also use to transform knowledge from one form to another in the process of socialisation that is from tacit to tacit which means an individual acquires tacit knowledge directly from others through share experience, observation, imitation etc. One of the another technique that is also involve other than socialisation is externalisation which use to have the knowledge from tacit to explicit, through the process of articulation of tacit knowledge into explicit concepts. Other form that is also use in this technique is combination that involves explicit to explicit through a systematisation of concepts drawing on different bodies of explicit knowledge. One final technique that is involved using the technique is internalisation that involves from explicit to tacit through a process of learning by in the form of verbalisation and documentation of experiences which is helpful in order to find the knowledge of the specific topic. With this technique there are Non Government Organization (NGOs) which plays a vital role in charities and if there any major disaster occurred the special NGOs missionary team is formed to provide the possible resource to the public whatever they needed. Thus the work of these charities is to collect the donations and then build up the public place for example library or whatever the suitable place the public need it. The information and reports is stored in form of paperwork because if they want to open any disasterious or any memorandum the paperwork in the form of file is the best example to provide it. Meanwhile as it is a computer limited technique the knowledge is use to transferred to the local council office electronically so that if someone needed they can provide it in the form of file. The charities played an important role in our organization which provides the needful help to the needy people. It also helps us in building the new opportunities for the people who plays an important role to support the people that are in need. The main advantage of the charity work is that whenever there exists a disaster then if no person is available then they can utilize a person as a volunteer. Another advantage is that the person is also well aware of the medication of what medicines use to give a person.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

INTRODUCTION
 

Knowledge Management is the systematic approach that invents, understands, shares, creates, and utilizes knowledge in order to create values. Such as customers value, employee's value, stock holder's value, Business partner value and social value to achieve the vision and the goal of the organization. Knowledge Management develops and operates effective system which realizes for right persons at right time to transfer smoothly and utilize their knowledge.

 

Knowledge holds the highest value, it is the extract of the human contribution, the most relevant decisions and actions, and the most appropriate solution to a context.

 

It directly relates to human mind so it's the most difficult area to manage, so people who have knowledge are the greatest repositories of information who not only store the information in their minds but they also have the ability to meaningfully integrate that information and deliver it within the specific context relating to their expertise, judgment and their experience.

 

This knowledge allows the creation of new ideas and solution which stems out from these people. This knowledge forms the base of all the processes, technology and solutions.

 

Relation between data, information, knowledge management and wisdom is described by Fleming(1996) as

 

Information relates to description, definition, or perspective (what, who, when, where).

 

Knowledge comprises strategy, practice, method, or approach (how).

 

Wisdom embodies principle, insight, moral, or archetype (why).

 

Concepts in knowledge management

 

Explicit Knowledge:

 

Explicit knowledge is expressed explicitly and can be codified easily, recognized by anybody

 

[Ex. Reports, methods, manual, etc]

 

Tacit Knowledge :

 

Tacit Knowledge is the knowledge embedded in the brain which everyone has or share tacitly.

 

[Ex. Experience, image, skillful technique, corporate culture, etc.

 

Knowledge processes:

 

This process encompasses three subprocesses

 

Knowledge generation, codification and knowledge realization

 

GENERATION CODIFICATION TRANSFER REALISATION

 

RESEARCH PROBLEM
 

The organisation's mission to help the suffering and relieve the needy, homeless and vulnerable individuals. It is served by 4500 sisters and over a million co workers and volunteers. The full time volunteers mostly remain for 2 years which gives a huge workload of training staff every year. They have some shops where they collect the donations which include money and used items. Even though most of the money for care comes from donations. They have central offices which monitor the funding and check the operations, they communicate through e-mail generally. The shops communicate with the offices generally using fax and customers offering goods communicate either by phone or simply turning up, usually at the shops.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

The main purpose of this research would help this organization in Asset management, process management and Developmental. So the organization will be building up a library which will store all valuable key knowledge assets and processes as self-helping procedure manuals which will help and make staff training more effective.

 

The main reason for this Knowledge management approach were

 

They don't engage in data collection which could be used for generating reports and patterns.

 

Computer support availability is limited.

 

They don't possess any key knowledge asset which could be readily or easily shared with new staff.

 

The knowledge cannot be implemented for new innovative ideas.

 

Current knowledge distribution activity includes a lot of training and very less training materials which tell about the real world scenarios.

 

This Research was a new experience for us since we've never had to market anything before. We've learned a lot about how to put together projects and reports and manage our time. We needed to stay very organized with our project in order to complete all of our tasks on time. When we were pressed for time we also learned how to distribute work so that it would be easier to complete a task. We also learned how to deal with people when they don't give you to overcome many obstacles and how to deal with people when they don't give you information that you need. We needed to work around missing information in the creation of the Research methodology and our target by pretending we had it, and then adding it in when we received it. We also improvised on our project, such as in the creation of Assignment.

 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 

We came across various KM strategies. Some strategies focuses on the knowledge, some on business processes, and some on the final results. Based on this the various strategies can be classified as

 

Strategies Classified by Knowledge:

 

Nonaka & Takeuchi's Knowledge Types and Boisot's I-Space Model

 

Knowledge management strategy based on Business Process:

 

APQC International Benchmarking Clearinghouse Study and Mckinsey & Company

 

KM strategy based on End Results:

 

Treacy & Wiersema's Value Disciplines

 

Based on Knowledge And End Result linkage:

 

Zack's KM Strategy

 

The best way to classify knowledge classification is matter of some debate. The most frequently and helpful classification of Knowledge Management for Knowledge Management practicing are focus on a mixture of knowledge accessibility for example where we stored knowledge or location and in what form? And knowledge Travelling from one place to another and from person or persons to another person or persons. This key points underlines the analyzing of Nonaka and Takeuchi in their Knowledge spiral. Innovation or learns occurs as an output of the flow the transformation of knowledge.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

One of the commonly accepted and widely quoted approaches to clarify knowledge from a Knowledge Management is the Knowledge matrix of Nonaka and Takeuchi. The matrix classifies knowledge as explicit or tacit, and either individual or collective. They also introduce corresponding knowledge processes that transmit knowledge from one place to another; socialisation from tacit to tacit, an individual acquiring tacit knowledge forwardly from others through sharing experience, observation, imitation and etc; externalising combination from explicit to explicit, through as systematic of concepts flow chart on different formats of explicit knowledge; and internalising from explicit to tacit, through processing of learning by done and through a verbalising and documenting of experiences. Nonaka and Takeuchi reference model the process of organization knowledge creation as a spiral which knowledge is depending through these four models of knowledge conversation. They also considered that the knowledge becomes purified within the organization at the upper levels moving from the individual through the organization and even inter organizational level.

 

After classifying the knowledge we need to map the knowledge into the Knowledge spectrum. The knowledge here is mapped into Asset management, Process management and Developmental.

 

Binney's KM Spectrum provided the classification a spectrum of Knowledge Management approaches. The six categories of KM activities as suggested by Binney's model are grouped as.

 

Transactional KM: Knowledge is technology Embedded

 

Analytical KM: Knowledge is input from external resources focussing mostly on information relating customer

 

Asset Management KM: Management of Knowledge assets Explicitly

 

Process-based KM: Codifying and Improving the business practice and sharing these practices within the organisation

 

Developmental KM: Capability Improvement of the Knowledge Workers capabilities through the process of staff development and training.

 

Innovation/Creation KM: Formation of an environment which helps in creating new Knowledge like R&D.

 

This Binney's categories of activities helps to map these activities to KM Classifications. This can be mapped to other KM classifications too.

 

Knowledge Accessibility

 

Explicit

 

implicit

 

tacit

 

Knowledge Conversion

 

combination

 

externalisation#p#分頁標題#e#

 

internalisation

 

socialisation

 

SLC (Boisot)

 

Problem Solving

 

Scanning Abstraction

 

Impacting

 

Diffusion

 

Absorption

 

Knowledge Type

 

Mostly procedural

 

Mostly declarative

 

Declarative

 

Procedural

 

Either

 

We conducted a series of activities which helped identify the appropriate KM initiative

 

List the External business driver

 

Perform SWOT Analysis which will identify the service.

 

Identification of the Value of Organisation

 

The findings about the organisation will help to identify the KM area to consider by asking self examining questions, like

 

Who are knowledge providers and users?

 

What resources are being used in the business? Ex material, equipments etc

 

What is the culture of organisation?

 

What kind of knowledge is used? Symbolic, geometrical or based on perception.

 

How much time will humans take to solve the problem.

 

And how is this knowledge available?

 

Find the knowledge activities undertaken by the organisation and identify

 

Knowledge assets

 

The knowledge is explicit, Implicit or Tacit

 

The form and quality of these Assets

 

Map the activities in KM Spectrum and look for the appropriate KM strategy

 

Check for the feasibility check for the KM approach.

 

In this case of Missionaries of charity

 

Factors in ‘Missions of Charity' which influence the selection of Knowledge Management Strategy

 

LITRATURE REVIEW
 

DESCRIPTION AND OVERALL OBJECTIVE OF BUSINESS
 

The Missionaries of Charity is an international religious Charity of pontifical right compose of their activity they have many charities with perpetual people vows of chastity, poverty, obedient, and open hearted and they provide free of charge to the poorest of the poor, Trained each sister to the sincere love of God and their neighbor and they creating the Church fully present in the nation of today.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Mother M. Teresa is the founder of Missionaries of Charity, M.C. is Calcutta one of the biggest city in India, and now has houses on all over the world or we can say in every continent of the world. Their target mission is to help poorest of the poor in every single country on the world. Each Missionary of Charity member of the Society goes happily where she is sent and without choosing the place or type of work. Charity Candidates should be between 18 and 35; Charity guided by the right intention; must be physically good in health and mind, and so able to face the hardships of this vocation; able to gain knowledge, especially the language because different countries have different languages So the Charity individual must know the language of the people they help; of wishing to disposition; and able to judge sound judgment.

 

Initial formation of charity candidates training periods are 6 months pre aspirin, 6 months aspirancy,1-year petulancy, and 2-year novitiate. All candidates should be come for a two week "come-and-watch" in the Bronx, New York house there before they can be consider for entry in Missionaries of charity.

 

DRIVERS OF THE ORGANISATION:
 

Every organization works in an environment which decides the way an institution should conduct its business. There are a number of drivers for various sectors which decide how that company should go about knowledge management,

 

This provides a clear way to choose the most appropriate knowledge management for the sector. Financial firms generally focus on Analytical Knowledge management since Information is the knowledge they posses.

 

Professional services on developmental KM because people are their primary source of Knowledge

 

Law firms focus on innovation KM and/or Best Practice supporting Knowledge Management

 

Process and oil industries will focus process management/transactional KM or on innovation Knowledge management due to heavy R&D emphasis.

 

Public sector will focus generally on analytical Knowledge management or developmental Knowledge Management since their focus is generally customer focussed . Questions that be asked would include:

 

What is the Sector of Business?

 

What is the Purpose or Service of the Organisation?

 

What are the key drivers in the business?

 

Roots of Knowledge Management

 

POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
 

New Value is produced and conserved like Intellectual Property Assets#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Generate new Wealth and increasing returns

 

Revenue increases as invaluable knowledge is shared

 

Innovation and knowledge multiplication opens new Markets

 

Enable Sustainable, Organic Growth

 

Decision making Improves

 

Risk factor is mitigated

 

Knowledge which is carefully extracted helps Develop new Business Models

 

Better relations can be made with customers as their mind set can be read.

 

Productivity and efficiency improves

 

Innovation speeds up as Ideas and Creativity.

 

A more Adaptive, responsive, dynamic, and flexible organization is created.

 

Facilitate the evolution of a more Intelligent Enterprise and produce smart engaging products

 

Helps better prepare for the future development.

 

Documented knowledge improves training process

 

Excellent Competitive Intelligence is gained

 

Co-ordination improves as Common Knowledge is shared

 

Maximize the organization's use of available collective wisdom, experience, and the Brain-Power of human capital assets

 

Helps an organization to better Manage Change

 

Support and services to customers improves.

 

Employees are not seen as expense but as Knowledge Investors in the organization.

 

Knowledge flow is channelized and stimulated.

 

Attract, and retain motivated, loyal, and committed Talent

 

Be better positioned for Knowledge Workers to cope with increasing Information-Overload

 

Helps Knowledge Conversion by turning the technological Know-how to Corporate asset.

 

Lower Operating Costs by substituting information and knowledge stores  for inventory

 

Knowledge management reuse reduces Knowledge waste and duplication.

 

Create a more knowledge aware, knowledge friendly culture, and Community of Practice(s) better suited to the emerging knowledge-based economy context

 

In general, be better able to Create, Capture, Share, Protect, Disseminate, Package and Exploit knowledge, intellectual capital, and intangibles

 

Enables proper Transfer of Knowledge

 

Extend the global Reach, Richness, and Scope of the enterprise#p#分頁標題#e#

 

It is an excellent way to exchange the ideas within the workers.

 

Bring a new level of sophistication to managing the brand, reputation, and Intangibles that customers value

 

POSSIBLE CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION
 

We Evaluate if there is an association between the KM spectrum and value of knowledge which we gain from Missionaries of Charity assets, before and after Missionaries of Charity have been managed;

 

Surveying Missionaries of charity attitudes to knowledge assets generated by standards of knowledge management approaches.

 

Considering potential false factors that suppose to selecting a Knowledge Management approach in the Missionaries of Charity Case study, insufficient of Funds was a common factor against transacting or analytical Knowledge Management.

 

Analyzing past case studies in Missionaries of Charity of Knowledge Management succession and failures to explain if selecting right things Knowledge Management approach was extremist factor.

 

REFERENCES
 

Gillham, Bill. (2000). Case Study Research Methods. London: Continuum.

 

Patton, Michael Quinn. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (2nd ed.).

 

Newbury Park, California: Sage.

 

Patton, Michael Quinn. (1987). How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation.

 

Binney D, The knowledge management spectrum - understanding the KM landscape(2001), Journal of Knowledge Management

 

Abell A. and N. Oxbrow, Competing with Knowledge, Library Association Publishing (2001), London.

 

Beckman T.J,The Current State of Knowledge Management, in the Knowledge Management Handbook(1999), CRC Press.

 

Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, June 2003 Knox Haggie, John Kingston, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh.

 

Boisot M.H, Knowledge Assets: Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy(1998), Oxford University Press.