英語dissertation題目：外語學院英語專業本科畢業dissertation備選題目

一. 法律英語
1. Relationship of Age to Legal English Learning
2. A Study of Adverbs in Legal English
3. Linguistic Features of Legal English
4. Legal English Vocabulary Teaching
5. On Cultural Context in Legal English Articles
6. Sources of Chinese and English Legal Terms
7. Relationship between Culture and Law
8. Characteristics of Legal Terms
9. Functions of Languages in Legislation
10. Skills of Expression in Legislative Language
11. Translation of Complex Sentence in the Legal Language
12. Killing and its Hyponyms in Legal English
13. A Glimpse of the Common Law from the Different Expressions of a “Lawyer”
14. The Difference Between the Legal Theory and its Translation
15. An Approach to Legal Language
16. The Characteristics of Legal Translation
17. Similar Elements between Torts of Law and Criminal Law from the Perspective of a Case Study
18. Punctuation in Legal English: for instance, comma, period, colon, etc.
19. Principles of Legal English Translation
20. Abbreviations in Legal English
21. Semantic Differences in Legal English Translation
22. Cultural Distinctiveness in Legal English Translation
23. Differences between Chinese and English Legal Lexicons
24. Transitional Words in Legal English
25. Context in Legal English Translation
26. Preciseness of Legal English
27. Ambiguity in Legal English
28. Discussion on the Translation of Commonly-used Sentence Patterns
29. Characteristics and the Functional Orientation of Legal Texts
30. Parataxis VS. Hypostasis in Legal Chinese and Legal English
31. The Usage of the Model Verbs “shall” and “should” in Legal English法律語言中情態動詞shall, should的用法
32. The Application of the Fuzzy Words in Legal English法律語言模糊性詞語的運用
33. The Comparison Between the Chinese and English Compound Sentence Structures英漢法律語句中復合句結構對比
34. The Vocabulary Vacancy in Legal English Translation法律翻譯中的詞語空缺
35. The Translatability and Untranslatability of the Words in Legal English英語法律詞語/語言的可譯性和不可譯性
36. On the Characteristics of Legal English Language法律語言的特點
37. The Differences of the Legal Discourse in Chinese and English英漢法律語篇的結構差異
38. The Features of the Legislative Language立法/司法語言的特征
39. The Features of the Judicial Language

二. 商務英語
40. The Influence of Cultural Elements on the Translation of the idioms in Commercial English#p#分頁標題#e#
試dissertation化因素對經貿領域中習語翻譯的影響
41. Commercial English: its characteristics and translation經貿英語的特點與翻譯
42. The Characteristics of Business Contract Wording in English & its Translation英語經貿契約的用詞特點與翻譯
43. On the Usage and Translation of Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business Contracts in English英語經貿契約介詞和介詞短語的用法及翻譯
44. Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts英語經貿契約分隔現象的理解與翻譯
45. Lexical Features of Business Contract English and Its Translation經貿合同英語詞法特征及其翻譯
46. Characteristics and Distinctive English Translation of Words in Business Contracts商務合同英語用詞特點及翻譯的特色標記
47. The Characteristics and the Present Situation of Foreign trade English Translation對外經貿翻譯的特點與現狀
48. On the Translation of Commercial Advertisement談商業廣告的翻譯
49. On the Role of Social Context in Business English Translation淺議經貿英語翻譯中語境因素的作用
50. On the Criteria of Translating English in to Foreign- oriented Economy and Trade Affairs試論經貿英語翻譯的標準
51. Translation Characteristics of Economy and Trade English經貿英語的翻譯特點
52. Understanding and Translation of the Divisional Phenomena in English Economic Contracts英語經貿契約分隔現象的理解與翻譯
53. On Abbreviations in Business English談經貿英語中的縮略語現象
54. On the Strategies of the Mistranslation in Business English論經貿英語誤譯的對策
55. Multi-angle Views On Business English Translation經貿翻譯的多視角
56. A Classification & Translation of Words Denoting Major Positions in Business English經貿英語中主要職務用詞的分類與翻譯
57. The Classification and Translation of the Business English Terms with the Reference of "Money"經貿英語中含有"錢款"意義詞匯的分類及翻譯
58. A Brief analysis on the Characteristics of Business English Vocabulary淺議經貿英語詞匯的特點
59. Word Diction in Economy and Trade Translation經貿翻譯的詞義選擇
60. On the Multi-discipline of the Economic English Vocabulary論經濟英語語匯的多學科性
61. On the Features of Business English Letters淺談外經貿英語信函的寫作特點
62. Adjusting the Tone in International Business English經貿英語緩和口吻表達方法探究
63. The Stylistic Features of the Contract English協議、合同英語的文體特點
64. On Translation of English Advertisement廣告英語的翻譯
65. Advertisement English Translation in Cross-cultural Background跨文化背景中的廣告英語翻譯#p#分頁標題#e#
66. On Modifiers of Nouns in English for Foreign Economy & Trade略談外經貿英語中的名詞修飾語
67. On Translation of the Dates, Amount and Numbers (Figures) in the Economic & Trade Contracts經貿契約中日期、金額和數字的翻譯
68. Translating Strategy of Modern Business English現代商務英語翻譯策略
69.  The New Trend of Economy & Trade English after China's Entry into WTO經貿英語在中國加入WTO后的新趨勢
70.  Knowledge of Formulaic Expressions in Foreign Economic and Trade Contracts for the Study of Legal English了解涉外經貿合同套語掃除法律英語學習障礙
71. The Principle of Faithfulness in C-E Business Translation關于英漢經貿翻譯的"信"
72. Methods and Principles of Trade Mark Translation商標翻譯的方法及應遵循的基本原則
73. The Language Characteristics and Translation Stragegy of English Advertisements廣告英語語言特點及其翻譯策略
74. A Study of the Characteristics of Sentences in International Economic Trade Contracts in English試談英文國際經濟貿易合同的句法特點
75. How to Correctly Understand & Translate the Compound Words Formed from Here-, There- and Where- in Economic & Trade Contracts 如何正確理解和翻譯經貿契約中Here,There-和Where構成的復合詞
76. he Life of the Translation of the Literature of Economy and Trade—— Accuracy in the Translation經貿文體翻譯之生命——準確性
77. On the Rhetoric Character and Translating Method of Advertising English淺析廣告英語的修辭特點和翻譯方法
78. On Metaphors in Business English and Translation商務英語中的隱喻及其翻譯
79. On "Faithfulness" and "Innovation" in Foreign Trade English Translation外貿英語翻譯的"忠實"與"變通"
80. The Strategies of Domestication and Dissimilation on Advertising English Translation廣告英語翻譯的"歸化"和""異化"策略
81. Cross-cultural and Cross-linguistic Factors in English Advertisement Translation英語廣告翻譯中的跨文化、跨語言因素
82. Nominalization application in business English letter writing and its translation名詞化結構在商務英語信函中的應用和翻譯
83.  On the Art of Rhetoric and Translation Approaches in Advertising English論廣告英語的修辭藝術和翻譯方法
84. The Negative and Active Function of Fuzzy Language in Business Writing論模糊語言在經貿英語寫作中的作用
85. The Application of PP (Polite Principle) in Business English Communication
86. CP（Cooperative Principle）and Business English Interpretation
87. On the Cliché Expressions in Business English商務英語中陳詞腐語探析
88. Hypotaxis and Parataxis in the Context of English to Chinese Translation of Business Literature商務英語翻譯中形合義合分析#p#分頁標題#e#
89. On the Preciseness of Business English Contracts論商務英文合同語言嚴謹性
90. How to Achieve Consideration in Business Correspondence實現商務函電中“consideration”的手段
91. A Research into the Legalese in Applied Business Literature商務英語應用文中的法制性語言研究
92. On the Balance between Conversational English and Old-fashioned English“conversational English”與“old-fashioned English”的恰當使用
93. Features of Foreign Trade English and its Translation Model外貿英語的特點與翻譯模式
94. An Analysis of the Rhetorical Devices used in English Business Advertisements商務英語廣告語言修辭探析
95. On the Translation of Trademarks商務英語商標翻譯技巧
96. Business English Abbreviations and their Functions商務英文縮略語構成及功能
97. On the Application of the Politeness Principle in Foreign Trade Correspondence“禮貌”在函電中的恰當使用
98. Principles of Translating Economic Literature of Enterprises from Chinese to English企業外宣資料漢英翻譯原則
99. English-Chinese Translation of Trademarks: Its Principles and Strategies英語商標的漢譯原則及策略
100. The Puns in English and Chinese Advertisements and the Translation of Them英漢廣告中的雙關語及其英漢互譯
101. The Pragmatic Analysis and Translation Strategies of Long Sentences in English Business Contracts英語商務合同長句的語用分析及翻譯策略
102. Influence of Cultural differences on the Chinese-English Translation of Business Writing文化差異對商務漢英翻譯的影響
103. On Equivalence of Cultural Message in the International Business English Translation國際商務英語翻譯中的文化信息等值研究

三. 翻譯理論與實踐
104. Gu Hongming: A Pioneer of Translating the Chinese Classics into English
105. On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation
106. Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability
107. Translating and the Background Information
108. A Preliminary Study of Explanatory Translating
109. Translating the English Plural Nouns into Chinese
110. Translating the Lengthy English Sentences into Chinese
111. On Translating English Book Titles into Chinese
112. Views on the Chinese Version of Emma
113. The Chinese Version of Jude the Obscure: An Outstanding Example of Artistic Recreation
114. Translating the Style of Literary Works—A Preliminary Study of Wu Ningkun’s Version of The Great Gatsby
115. A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of The Merchant of Venice
116. A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales
117. On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems#p#分頁標題#e#
118. Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry
119. Common Errors in Translation: An Analysis
120. English Idioms and the Translation
121. How to Deal with Ellipsis in Translating
122. The Translation of Trade Marks and Culture
123. On Poem Translation
124. The Appropriateness and Comparison of Poem Translation
125. The Character of Title and Translation
126. The Social and Cultural Factors in Translation Practice
127. English and Chinese Comparison and Translation
128. On the Faithfulness in Translation
129. On Literal Translation and Free Translation
130. Translation for EST
131. On Translation Methods of Numerals in Chinese and English
132. On the Du Fu’s Poems Translation
133. The Comparison and Translation of Chinese and English Idioms
134. Loyalty in Translation
135. Cultural Equivalence in Translation
136. Onomatopoeia and its Translation
137. On the Cross-Culture Pragmatic Failure in English Translation
138. Remarks on the Translation of Chinese Set-Phrase
139. What is an Ideal Translation?
140. A Brief Comparison Between Two Basic Translation Methods—Literal Translation and Free Translation
141. Elementary Comment on Literal Translation and Free Translation
142. Learning a Foreign Language Through Translation
143. Arts in Verse Translation
144. On Translating the Passive Voice in Scientific and Technology English into Chinese
145. A Comparative Study of Two English Version of the Chang Ganxing
146. Review on the Translation of Movie Titles
147. Features and Translation of Idioms
148. The Translation of Long Sentences
149. Literature Translation and the Importance of it
150. Problems Arising in Idiom Translation Caused by Culture Discussion and My Attempt at Dealing with these Problems
151. The Application of Semiotic Approach in Translation
152. Language, Culture and Translation—the Influence of Cultures on Translation and Communication
153. A Brief Study on English Antonyms
154. Translation — An Unsubstitutable Means of English Teaching
155. On the Translation of Advertisement and Brand Name
156. On the Translation of Film Names
157. Discourse Analysis of the Dialogues in Films
158. On Cultural Impact on Translation of Idioms
159. The Variation of Maxims and the Humor of Advertisement
160. A Study of Dialect in View of Social and Literary Contexts
161. On Translating English Negative Sentence into Chinese
162. How to Get Poetic Flavor in Translation
163. Comparison of Chinese and English Forms of Addresses
164. Translation of Chinese Brand into English#p#分頁標題#e#
165. Analysis on Two English Versions of Honglou Meng in Terms of Literal Translation and Free Translation

四. 英語語言學
166. Sexism as Reflected in the Chinese and English Languages
167. Lexical Items as Means of Cohesion in English Texts
168. Lexical Cohesion in English
169. On English Oration as a Variety of Language
170. The Polite Language in the English Language
171. Reflection on the English Taboo Word
172. Remarks on Modern American Slang
173. The Different Usage of American Folk Language and Modern American Language
174. An Account of Advertising Language
175. Stylistic Comparison Between Broadcast News and Newspaper News
176. News Headlines: Their Features and Style
177. Stylistic Features of News Reporting
178. A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Body Languages
179. Note on Ambiguity of English Language
180. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Proverbs
181. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms
182. On Commonization of Proper Nouns in English
183. Noun-Verb Conversion in Contemporary English
184. Syntactic Functions of Prepositional Phrases
185. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Prepositions
186. On the English Verbal Fillers
187. On the English Negative Sentences
188. On the English Verbless Sentences
189. On Simplification of English Sentences
190. A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Existential Sentences
191. Positions of Attributes and Adverbials in English and Chinese: A Comparative Study
192. Studies in English Sentences of Implied Condition
193. Tentative Study of Syllepsis in English
194. The Way of Expressing Emphatic Ideas in English
195. On the Revival of Dead Metaphor
196. My Study on Complimenting
197. An Exploration of Body Language
198. The Linguistic Characteristics of Advertising English
199. A Survey on Loan Words of English
200. Death Metaphors in English
201. The Pragmatic Functions of Intonation for Language Acquisition
202. The Change of English Word Meaning: Factors and Types

五. 語言與文化
203. Hierarchies in American and Chinese Address Forms
204. The Role Played by the American Blacks in the History of America
205. The Cults in Modern American Society
206. Chinese and Western Culture Values in Advertising Language
207. Deep-structure Transfer in Cross-cultural Communication
208. Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication
209. Body Language Functions in Cultures
210. Exotic Cultures Influence on English Vocabulary
211. The Future Emergence of Chinese English#p#分頁標題#e#
212. Differences Between American and English on Lexis
213. Similarities and Differences in the Connotation of Animal Words in English
214. The Comparison of Culture and Language Between Chinese and English
215. Religious Cultural Factors Affecting the Differences of Meanings of Words
216. An Informal Discussion on Vocabulary’s Cultural Connotation Between Chinese and English
217. A Study on Animal Metaphors in English and Chinese
218. Body Language in Nonverbal Communication
219. The Obstacle of Intercultural Communication
220. Comparison between Chinese Collectivism and American Individualism in Oral Speaking
221. A Comparison of Intercultural Usages between Chinese and Western Courtesy Languages
222. The Discrepancy of Chinese and Western Culture in Advertisement
223. General Features of Language in Postmodern Culture
224. On the Cultural Implications of Body Language
225. On Dissimilation and Assimilation in Terms of Culture
226. Connotation of Animal Words in Chinese and English Idioms
227. A Brief Comment on Discourse Hegemony of American Media

六. 英語教學
228. The Application of the Theory of Pragmatics
229. The Application of the Theory of Discourse Analysis
230. Teaching Grammar within a Communicative Framework
231. A Study on the Direct-Spelling Method
232. The Application of Schema Theory in Reading Comprehension
233. Body Language in English Teaching
234. The Diversification of English Language Teaching
235. The Present Situation of Bilingual Education
236. Some Designs on English Learning
237. Creating Learning Environments
238. Collaborative Learning: Group Work
239. How Group Work Helps to Teach English Well
240. Motivation for English Teaching
241. The Activities Used to Improve the English Teaching Class
242. A Balanced Activities Approach in Communicative Foreign Language Teaching
243. On Communicative Way in Grammar Teaching
244. Culture Education in School English Teaching
245. Consideration on Bilingual Teaching
246. The English Teaching Based on Multimedia
247. Culture Lead-in in English Teaching
248. The Factors Affecting on Teaching a Language and Relevant Teaching Methods
249. How to Improve Students’ Listening Abilities
250. Communicative Language Teaching and the Teaching in English Class
251. How to Learn English Vocabulary Effectively
252. On English Writing
253. The Social Psychological Factors of Foreign Language Learning
254. The Practice of English Class Teaching
255. On Pair Work and Group Work and Their Use in English Language Teaching#p#分頁標題#e#
256. Cultural Difference and English Teaching
257. International Communication College Culture and Education
258. Initiation and Situation in English Learning Motivation
259. Cognitive Approach in Oral English Teaching
260. On the Merit and Application of Computer-assisted Instruction
261. Multiple Intelligence Theory and Language Teaching-Considering Student-Countered
262. Communicative Competence and Focused Task-based Teaching Approach
263. On Developing English Reading Skills
264. Interaction in Oral English Teaching
265. Improvement of Students' Oral Communicative Competence and Interactivity in Class Performance
266. The Application of Schemata in the Teaching of Reading Comprehension
267. Role-play in English Teaching
268. Teaching English in English
269. Communicative Language Teaching and Classroom English Teaching in China
270. A Conceptual Discussion on Classroom Teamwork Strategy
271. Obstacles in Listening Comprehension and the Ways to Remove them
272. On Sino—Western Cultural Differences and the Structure of Chinese College students' Chinglish
273. The Conversion and Development of English Teaching Methods in China
274. Remarks on the Factors Influencing the Individual Language Learners
275. English Songs—An Effective and Supplementary Medium of English Teaching
276. The Non-intelligence Factors in English Learning
277. The Use of Instructional Technology in English Listening Teaching
278. On Art of Teacher Talk
279. Culture Education in English Teaching
280. The Principles and Methods of Spoken English Teaching
281. How to Improve the Teaching of Listening and Speaking by Activities
282. On Approaches to Improving Vocabulary Instruction
283. Using Task-based Method and Internet Resource to Improve Teaching of Classroom Reading
284. The Study of English Vocabulary Learning Strategies

七. 英美文學研究
285. A Brief Comment on Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice
286. Hamlet: His Characters as a Humanist
287. Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language
288. On the Structure of Dickens’s Hard Times
289. Jane Austen’s Art of Irony and Its Rhetoric Effects
290. An Character Analysis of the Heroine of Emma
291. The High Class as Seen in Thacheray’s Vanity Fair
292. From Pastoral Stories to Great Tragic Novels: An Analysis of Hardy’s Novels
293. Remarks on D.H.Lawrence’s Psychological Analyses
294. Social Reality as Reflected in the Poetry of William Blake
295. Edgar Allan Poe and the World Literature
296. The Tragic Color of Earnest Hemingway’s Novels#p#分頁標題#e#
297. Social Significance as Reflected in The Great Gatsby
298. A Critical Study of William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily: Its Narrative Techniques and Structure
299. Some Features of Steinbeck’s Literary Style
300. Emily Dickinson and Her Unique Poetry
301. An Analysis of Several Robert Frost’s Famous Poems
302. Symbolism in O’Neill’s Major Plays
303. The Modern American Society and The Death of the Salesman
304. A Comparative Study of Empathy in English and Chinese Poetry
305. A Comparative Analysis of Sentence Structures in English and Chinese Poetry
306. Mrs. Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese
307. The Realism of the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
308. Mark Twain and Huck Finn
309. Love Stories in William Cather’s O Pioneers
310. An Analysis of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven and Annabel Lee
311. Heroism in Hemingway’s Works
312. The Light of the Dark：The Greatest Works of Conan and Agatha
313. On Wordsworth’s View of Nature
314. On the Symbolism of D.H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow
315. Analysis of Characters of Don Quxiote
316. On the Author and the Major Characters of The Pearl
317. The Brief Analysis of Shakespeare’s Tragedy Tradition
318. The Versification of English Poetry and Metrical
319. Contrast Between Chinese Poetry and Sonnets
320. Social Reality Reflected in Ode To the West Wind
321. Hamlet and His Delay
322. The Cuban Culture Contest of The Old Man and the Sea
323. On the Bronte Sisters and theirs Writings
324. Gothic Features in Wuthering Heights
325. The Character of Hamlet
326. The Analysis of Santiago’s Character
327. The Comparison of the Character of Carrie Meeber and Jennie Gerhardt
328. The Philosophy of Life in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea
329. Mark Twain---The Pessimist Who Brought Laughter to The World
330. A New Industry Raising From the Horizon
331. Blind Loyalty and Tragic Destiny
332. Rebecca’s Character Description
333. Humor and Realism of Mark Twain’s The Celebrated Jumping Frog of California County
334. Robinson Crusoe and the Colonial Empire
335. A Probe into the Ambiguity and Symbolization of Eliot’s Poetry
336. The Realism of Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
337. A Farewell to Arms—A Clear Mirror
338. To Foster an Earthy Rainbow
339. Gone with the Wind and the Awakening of Women
340. Hemingway and Hemingway Heroes
341. The Sound of Heart-Reverie and Melancholy in Emily Dickinson’s Poems
342. Comment on the Biblical Images in Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes#p#分頁標題#e#
343. Comparison of Gone with the Wind and The Collector—An Analysis of Women’s Problem
344. Satire in Catch—22
345. Morals Affect Tess’ Fate
346. Love, Equality and Tolerance—On the Nature of Love of Jane and Tess
347. On the Endings and Features of O • Henry's Short Stories
348. Paradise Lost—The War in the Heaven
349. A Brief Approach to the Influence of the Religion on Literature
350. A Study on the Characterization of Great Expectations
351. The Attractions of The Waste Land
352. On the Religious Color of Characterization in Uncle Tom's Cabin
353. Thoreau's Walden: A Book of Inward Exploration
354. The Death of Martin Eden
355. Beautiful Women—Analysis of Female Characters in The Merchant of Venice
356. The Great Gatsby and the Collapse of the American Dream
357. The Influence of Edgar Allan Poe's Life on his Writing
358. Egdon Heath in The Return of Native
359. The Biblical Allusions and Symbols in The Grapes of Wrath
360. A Journey of Outward and Inward Exploration—A Brief Analysis of Walden
361. The Duality in Robinson Crusoe's Character
362. On the Characterization and Writing Techniques in Rebecca
363. Wordsworth: Nature's Favorite Son
364. Two Aspects Reflected from Robinson Crusoe: Society and Nature
365. The Superman Complex in Love of Life

1、語言交際過程分為哪幾個階段？請舉例具體說明。人類語言交際的過程，實際上就是信息的傳遞與接受問題，可分為編碼、發送、傳遞、接收、解碼五個階段。編碼就是發話人利用詞語組織語句，發送就是把思維成果變成話語通過發音器官表達出來，傳遞就是通過空氣振動成聲波，把話語傳達給受話人，接收是受話人利用聽覺器官感知對方所說的話，解碼則是經過大腦把聲波還原成語言，理解對方話語的含義，從而完成信息傳遞接受。如果受話人收到語言信息有所反饋，那么上述五個階段則又重復一遍，只是發話人與受話人調換了。
2、“語言學既是一門古老的學科，又是一門年輕的學科；既與社會科學有密切的聯系，又與自然科學有密切的聯系。”怎樣理解這句話的含義？語言是伴隨著人類一起出現的，是人類社會生活必不可少的，所以人類很早就注意到語言的重要性，很早就注意研究語言，所以語言學是古老的，但語言學直到18世紀下半葉，產生了歷史比較語言學，后來又建立了語言學的各個部門，語言研究才發展成為一門獨立的學科，同其它學科相比，語言學的確是十分年輕的。語言社會現象，與社會的政治、經濟、文化、歷史密切相關，而語言的發生又與物理、生理、心理等學科密切相關，而現代語言與語言的信息處理（如機器翻譯、語碼轉換等），又涉及到數學、計算器科學，所以語言與社會科學有密切聯系，又與自然科學有密切聯系。正因為如此，隨著語言學與別的學科的交融，又產生了許多語言學分支學科，如社會語言學、心理語言學、統計語言學、話語語言學等，這些也體現了語言學是一門年輕的學科。#p#分頁標題#e#
3、為什么說歷史比較語言學在語言學史上具有重要地位？歷史比較語言學從前又稱比較語法，通過語言親屬關系的比較研究語言的發展規律，擬測它們的共同母語。歷史比較語言學是在19世紀逐步發展和完善的，主要是印歐語系的歷史比較，19世紀之前，這種研究不是沒有，但都是孤立的分散的研究，到19世紀才進入系統的研究，并使語言學走上獨立發展的道路。19世紀歷史比較語言學家為語言學的發展做出了重要貢獻。他們收集了豐富的語言材料，進行了廣泛深入的調查和比較，不僅提出了人類語言演變過程的假設，畫出了世界語言的譜系，而且還創造出比較科學的研究方法，提出了有關語言起源、語言本質的新理論，為后來結構主義和描寫語言學的產生和發展創造了有利條件。
4、歷史比較語言學的代表人物有哪些？19世紀歷史比較語言學在理論和方法上大致可以分為三個階段：在初始階段，丹麥的拉斯克、德國的格里姆和葆撲被成為歷史比較語言學的奠基者。19世紀中期，歷史比較語言學發展到第二階段，最有代表性的人物是德國的施萊歇爾。19世紀的最后25年是歷史比較語言學的“新語法學派”時期。這個學派的代表人物是德國的奧斯特霍夫和布魯克曼，他們在自己創辦的刊物《形態學研究》上正式宣布：語音的演變規律不允許任何例外。
5、語言學的流派1、歷史比較語言學，奠基人：丹麥的拉斯克、德國的格里姆和葆撲；2、結構語言學，包括布拉格學派、哥本哈根學派、美國描寫語言學派；3、轉換生成學派；4、系統功能學派；5、社會語言學派。
6、主要的語言學家及其代表作 索緒爾（瑞士）《普通語言學教程》被稱為現代語言學之父。布龍菲爾德（美國）《語言論》是美國結構主義語言學的奠基性著作。特魯貝茨科依（俄國）《音位學原理》是布拉格學派的杰出代表。喬姆斯基（美國）《句法結構》是轉換生成學派的代表。高本漢（瑞典）《中國音韻學研究》。韓禮徳（英國）《功能語法導論》系統功能學派代表。拉波天（美國）〈語言演變理論的經驗基礎〉社會語言學代表。趙元任（中國）〈現代吳語的研究〉〈音位標音法的多能性〉。葉爾姆斯列夫(丹麥）《語言理論導論》哥本哈根學派代表
7、什么是語言？什么是說話？語言是音義結合的符號系統，人類最重要的交際工具和思維工具。說話是人們運用語言工具跟人們交流思想的行為。
8、語言和說話的關系 要弄清楚“什么是語言”的問題，首先要弄清楚的是，語言和說話不是一回事。語言不等于說話，也不等于說出來的話。說話是運用語言跟人們交流思想的行為，本身不等于語言。但是，另一方面，語言的存在又必須以說話為前提，一個人如果長期生活在孤島上，沒有說話的需要，不跟人交談，他就會失去語言能力。如劉連仁的例子。這件事告訴我們語言與說話的聯系與區別：語言好象是一種工具，需要人去用，不用就會“生銹”，就會“退化”。而說話則是人們運用語言工具跟人們交流思想的行為，說出來的話是這種行為“生產”出來的“產品”，是為了適應他人的需要而存在的，沒有這種需要，人們就會喪失說話的語言能力，這就是等于說：語言不等于說話，也不等于說出來的話。那么，什么是語言？它在哪兒？回答是：語言存在于說話之中，人們可以從所說的話中找出語言來。#p#分頁標題#e#
9、語言的作用是？語言是人類社會的交際工具。每個社會，無論它是經濟發達的社會，還是經濟十分落后的社會，都必須有自己的語言，都離不開語言這個交際工具，語言是組成社會必不可少的一個因素，是人類與動物相區別的重要特征之一。語言是聯系社會成員的橋梁和紐帶，沒有語言，人類無法交際，人與人之間的聯系就會中斷，社會就會崩潰，不復存在。
10、為什么說語言是人類最重要的交際工具？人們在進行社會交際的時候，除了運用語言傳遞信息外，也可以借助其他手段傳遞信息，表達思想。比如運動場上，籃球教練用手勢表示誰犯規、誰發球等內容，不用語言；部隊用長短不同的號聲表示起床、集合、沖鋒、撤退等信息；在海上，船與船之間用旗語傳遞信息等等。但是，這些工具遠遠沒有語言運用那樣便捷，而且使用也受到限制，使用范圍有限，更為重要的是，無論是什么交際工具，它所傳遞的信息內容都是有限的，而且離不開語言基礎，它們實際上是在一定范圍代替語言，沒有語言的存在，也不可能有這些信息手段的產生，可以說，語言是一切交際工具的基礎。因此，說語言是人類最重要的交際工具，就毫不奇怪了。
11、思維是在表象、概念的基礎上進行分析綜合、判斷、推理等認識活動的過程，是人類社會特有的一種精神文明建設活動。
12、兩個人在爭論語言和思維的關系，一個人說先有語言，因為語言是思維工具，沒有這個工具就無法思維；一個人說先有思維，因為語句是思維的成果，沒有思維，人們無法把散沙一樣的詞語組合成句。你認為誰的觀點對呢？兩個人的話看似有理，由于割裂了語言與思維的關系，所以都是無理的，都是片面的。首先，語言和思維是互相依存的，各以對方為存在的條件；語言是思維的工具，語言離不開思維，思維也不能脫離語言；如果沒有思維，沒有思想，人際之間的交流，無從談起，語言的存在也失去了任何意義。其次，語言和思維的發展程度是相互適應的，是一致的；有什么樣的思維水平，就有什么樣的語言水平，有什么樣的語言水平，就有什么樣的思維水平，不可能一個社會發展到語言和思維脫節的地步，語言水平很高且思維水平很低，或思維水平很高而語言水平很低，這都是不可想象的，也是不可能的。
13、每個人說話都是自由的，但不能把“我看書”說成“書看我”，不能把“huó（活）”，這是為什么？雖然每個人說話是自由的，可以根據需要選擇不同的詞語表達自己的思想，但是有一點則是大家都必須遵守的，那就是運用詞語組成句子，必須遵守全社會統一的規則，選擇什么樣的語音形式代表某個意義，也得全社會約定俗成，不能個人任意更改。否則，語言就不能成為交際工具了，別人無法聽懂你的話，社會將亂成一鍋粥了。只要想象一下，一個不會外語的人到國外生活所遇到的窘迫尷尬，就知道遵循原則的重要性了。#p#分頁標題#e#
14、任何一種語言所包含的句子的數量都是有限的，那么人類為什么能在有限的時間內掌握語言呢？這主要是因為：（1）詞語的組合規則是十分有限的，掌握了一個規則，可以推出無限多的句子，例如學會說“我吃飯”，掌握了“主——謂——賓”這個格式，就可以制造出“我看報”、“他打球”之類的句子來。（2）語言中的詞表達的意義具有概括性，數量是有限的，一個詞可以重復使用，可以用在這個句子中，也可以用在那個句子中，從而滿足人們交際的需要，所以語言系統中的句子是無窮的，但構成句子的材料卻是有限的，這也有利于人們學習掌握語言。例如“人”這個詞，并不指哪一個具體的人，可以指古今中外所有的人。“蘋果”可以指色彩、味道、形狀各方面不同的蘋果。
15、人類語言能力是天生的還是后天學會的，為什么？人類的語言能力是后天獲得的。語言是社會現象，一個人只有生活在一定的社會環境中，才能獲得語言，具備語言能力，離開了社會，哪怕他是一個天才，他也不會說話。如果一個人先天就具備有語言能力，那么就應該是所有人都說相同的語言才是，而實際上是一個人出生在什么樣的社會，就掌握什么樣的語言；中國孩子從小生活在中國，就會說漢語，而不會說英語，如果從小在英國長大，則只會說英語，不會說漢語。由此可見，一個人的語言能力不是天生的，而是后天學會的，社會環境是最好的語言老師。
16、人們平時常說，“無產階級和資產階級沒有共同語言”，“工人有工人的語言，農民有農民的語言”。這是不是說，語言具有階級性？語言沒有階級性。第一，語言是社會全體成員共同的交際工具，全體成員，包括各個階級、階層的人，不分男女，不分老幼，無論什么人，與別人交際都要使用語言。如果語言有階級性，不同階級的人說不同的話，那么階級之間就無法進行交際（不同階級之間的斗爭，也就是一種交際活動）。第二，語言結構本身，沒有階級可言，比如語音、語法規則，就談不上有階級性。第三，語言是伴隨著人類同時出現的，而在人類從猿到人這個漫長的過程中，根本就沒有階級的區分，所以從語言的誕生過程看，語言也是沒有階級性的。
17、為什么說文字是語言最重要的輔助性交際工具？輔助性的交際工具很多，像旗語、手勢、紅綠燈、色彩、音響等，都可以在一定的范圍內傳遞信息，起到溝通作用，而在現代社會，像廣播、電視、電話、網絡等交通工具，甚至還可以不改變語言的有聲特質，傳遞信息既快又廣，但這些工具，遠不及文字那樣方便，不及文字使用范圍那樣廣，文字打破了有聲語言的時空局限，在很大程度上擴展了語言的功能，這是其他語言輔助工具所不能比的，所以說#p#分頁標題#e#