做事動機是啟發、引導和保持目標明確的力量。它是人們采取行動的原因。動機之下的行為本質上可以是生理的，社會的，情緒的或是認知的。(Holton, James 和 Trott, 2006)。

在現代商業氛圍中，競爭日益增長。而且這些競爭逼迫管理者提升公司的生產力。結果，公司的管理部門為了提高生產力，對員工施加了很多的壓力。這些逼迫讓員工更少動力去工作，也會選擇離職。此外，這個復雜的情況增加了公司的人員流動率（Berry 和 Parasuraman, 2001）。

在這個競爭激烈的商業環境里競爭，公司的管理者保持員工的高度熱情非常重要。此外，為了保持這份熱情，公司的管理者不得不以不同方式激勵員工。在商業組織里，有很多方法來激勵員工。激勵是通過提升員工生產力來實現渴望動機的方法。它是推動人們努力工作的力量(Coy 和 Wolfgang 2004)。

 

Motivation is the force that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviours. It is what causes people to take action. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional or cognitive in nature." (Holton, James and Trott, 2006)

 

In the modern business atmosphere competition is increasing day by day. And this competition is forcing the management to increase the productivity of the company. As a result, the management of the company is putting more pressure on the employees to increase the productivity. The consequences of these forces is making the employees less motivated and also leaving the job. Moreover, this complicated situation is increasing the employee turnover in the company (Berry and Parasuraman, 2001).

 

To compete in this competitive business atmosphere it is very important for the management of the company to keep up the enthusiasm of the employees at a high standard. Moreover, to keep up this enthusiasm management of the company has to motivating the employees in different ways. There are numerous ways to motivating the employees in the business organisations. Motivation is the way to achieve the desire goal by increasing the productivity of the employees. It is the force that pushes someone to work hard (Coy and Wolfgang 2004).

 

A motivated employee works hard as they feel their need is fulfilled. In that need there are several issues such as; basic needs, security needs, group needs, self-esteem and self-fulfilment etc. Here below numerous motivational theories are given and will elaborate these theories for better understanding (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2006).

 

Maslow's Theory: Abraham Maslow suggested that everybody has some needs and these need goes to lower to higher in direction. If the lower needs are fulfilled then there will be another needs emerge to fulfilled. He also introduced a pyramid of needs which is given below Gronroos, 2009);#p#分頁標題#e#

Figure: Maslow's hierarchy of needs (Holman and Snee, 2000)

 

Taylor

 

Frederick Winslow Taylor put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued the following:

Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control.

Therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks.

Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task.

Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay.

As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximise their productivity. (Leonard, Joseph and Valacich 2008)

 

Mayo

 

Elton Mayo believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor ignored). He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and realising that workers enjoy interacting together (Kelly 2009).

 

Herzberg

 

Frederick Herzberg had close links with Maslow and believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygienefactors). (Kelly 2006)

 

在工作場所的動力--Motivation in Workplace:

 

The average workplace is about midway between the extremes of high threat and high opportunity. Motivation by threat is a dead-end strategy, and naturally staff are more attracted to the opportunity side of the motivation curve than the threat side. Motivation is a powerful tool in the work environment that can lead to employees working at their most efficient levels of production (Lovelock and Wirtz, 2004).

 

In Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Robbins and Judge examine recognition programs as motivators, and identify five principles that contribute to the success of an employee incentive program.

 

Recognition of employees' individual differences, and clear identification of behaviour deemed worthy of recognition

 

Allowing employees to participate

 

Linking rewards to performance

 

Rewarding of nominators

 

Visibility of the recognition process

 

公司和選擇的理由--The Company and Reason for Choice:

 

Tesco began in 1919 with one man, Jack Cohen, a market stallholder selling groceries in London. TESCO was formed out of a merger with T.E. Stockwell from whom he purchased tea for sale on the stall. The first store opened in 1929.

 

Since then, Tesco has expanded across the world. It now has over 2,200 stores including hypermarkets and Tesco Express outlets to meet different customer needs. As a conglomerate Tesco also offers alternative goods and services such as insurance, banking and online shopping. With net profits of around £3.4 billion Tesco has become the largest British retailer and one of the world's leading retail outlets on three continents. Tesco's growth has resulted in a worldwide workforce of over 468,000 employees. (www.tesco.com/aboutus)

 

To support its growth, Tesco needs staff that are motivated, flexible and well-trained and who recognise customer needs. In turn, Tesco's employees are supported by the company in their various roles and at different levels - from customer assistants in stores to department managers; from warehouse employees to office and logistics staff. Tesco recognises that employee motivation is important for the continued growth of the company.

 

動機是什么?--What is motivation?

 

Motivation may stem from personal interest such as keeping safe or from external factors such as praise and reward.

 

Different theories have been suggested for motivating employees. Pay is considered a primary motivator. Other motivating factors include:

 

appreciation of hard work

 

a sense of achievement

 

responsibility and empowerment

 

opportunity for advancement

 

a sense of challenge and enjoyment. (Nadler 2004)

 

Benefits of Motivated Staff:

 

A motivated workforce will work harder and achieve greater output in less time, therefore reducing labour costs. It requires less supervision and demonstrates pride in its work, making a greater impact on the customer.

 

Motivated employees have greater concentration and are less likely to make mistakes, cause accidents or be involved in conflict. They are also likely to show greater loyalty to the company and have less absenteeism. An unmotivated workforce will be the opposite, being dissatisfied with its role in the work environment. This can negatively affect both the quality of the work as well as how efficiently employees carry out their jobs (Swanson, Richard, Elwood and Holton 2011).#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Tesco considers that the business depends on two groups of people customers and staff. It appreciates that staff are unique and have diverse lifestyles outside of work. To this end Tesco supports staff with a work/life balance and offers reward through:

 

flexible working

 

free or reduced rate health benefits

 

discount gym membership

 

competitive salaries

 

staff discount

 

company share options.

 

評估員工--Valuing Employees:

 

Tesco has discovered that it is important to create trust and respect. It has found that by valuing employees, providing realistic goals and an interesting environment for them to work in, it increases employees" motivation.

 

At Tesco a motivated member of staff 'works in partnership with others to achieve individual and team objectives'. This means that he or she focuses on customers, treats people fairly and is determined and devoted to receiving feedback from others (Swanson and Richard 2008).

 

Motivational Theory Practice at Tesco:

Taylor's Motivational Theory - This approach of paying workers by results was good for the business. The outcome was greater production but gave little opportunity, encouragement or time for employees to think for themselves or be creative in what they did. This limited people's development and their use within the company.

 

Employee Reward - Tesco's Employee Reward Programme has some similarity to Taylor"s theory. Its financial reward packages are one motivating factor. However, there are factors other than money which motivate people in both their personal and working lives.  Tesco goes far beyond Taylor and gives more than just simple pay increases. It supports the varied lifestyles of individual employees through relevant and targeted benefits (Zeithaml, Bitner and Gremler, 2006).

Many non-financial factors can and do motivate employees to improve their output. One such factor may be the desire to serve people; others may be to improve personal skills or achieve promotion. A person may be motivated to be a professional footballer not because of the salary but because they love football.

 

Employees are more motivated if they feel content in their work. This often happens when their employer creates a good working environment where employees feel valued, generally through increased communication and being asked for their opinions. Employee motivation is also likely to be higher if the organisation invests in its staff through training and development. In turn this enhances their knowledge, skills and their sense of job satisfaction (Swanson, Richard 2008).#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Measuring Staff Satisfaction - Every year Tesco invites its staff to take part in a staff satisfaction survey called Viewpoint which gives them the opportunity to express their views on almost every aspect of their job. The results from the survey help Tesco make sure it is offering the right things to its staff to keep them motivated. Some of the benefits available to staff include:

 

Lifestyle break this offers 4-12 weeks off work and guarantees the job back at the end

 

Career break this allows staff between 6 months and 5 years away from work with right of return

 

Pension scheme this award-winning scheme provides clearly defined long term benefits. (Nadler 2004)

 

The Mayo Effect - Internal or external factors may motivate a person to change or develop their actions. For example, an internal factor may be the desire to learn a new skill. This would reward the individual. External factors include, for example, sales targets and incentives. A more negative motivator might be no pay rise if targets are not achieved.

 

Communication - At Tesco the Mayo theory is seen to be operating throughout the company. Communication is an extremely important factor in motivating employees. This may be through 1-to-1 discussions with managers, through the company intranet or newsletters or through more formal structures such as appraisals.

 

Line managers hold a daily Team Meeting to update staff on what is happening for the day and to give out Value Awards. These awards can be given from any member of staff to another as a way of saying "thank you" and celebrating achievements.

 

Motivation from Training and Development - Tesco also promotes motivation through its many training and development opportunities. Everyone has access not just to the training they need to do their job well but also to leadership training to grow within the company.  Tesco offers strategic career planning to help staff 'achieve the extraordinary'.

 

In 2009 Tesco appointed 3,000 managers 80% internally. As well as an annual career discussion with every employee, the company also emphasises the development of the whole person and has implemented a system of 360 degree feedback. This is a personal development tool which provides feedback from a selection of people with whom the employee works. This helps employees to understand their behaviour, strengths and weaknesses within the workplace as others see them. The idea of the programme is to 'Take People with You' and 'To Gain the Hearts and Minds of Others' in order to improve individuals and get things done efficiently (Lovelock and Wirtz, 2004).

 

Personal Development Plans - All Tesco employees have a Personal Development Plan which they build through their 360 degree feedback and other tools. This enables Tesco managers to offer meaningful feedback to employees to help provide opportunities for continuous personal development. This personal approach helps employees to reach their full potential by encouraging self-assessment and providing advancement through ongoing training. It also enables individuals to take responsibility for their development.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

Maslow's Theory - At the bottom of the pyramid are basic needs, those that motivate people to work food and shelter. Once these needs are met through pay, individuals want safety and security through, for example, good job conditions. Social needs refer to the need to belong, to be part of a group. Self-esteem may arise from a promotion. Right at the top is Self fulfilment - the area for creativity, challenge and interest. Maslow suggested that achieving one level motivates us to achieve the next (Kelly 2006).

 

Herzberg's Theory - Tesco aims to motivate its employees both by paying attention to hygiene factors and by enabling satisfiers. For example, it motivates and empowers its employees by appropriate and timely communication, by delegating responsibility and involving staff in decision making. It holds forums every year in which staff can be part of the discussions on pay rises. This shows recognition of the work Tesco people do and rewards them.

 

招募和選拔 --RECRUITMENT & SELECTION

 

The wrong person in the wrong job is no good to either the individual or the organisation. A key ingredient to employee retention is to "employ the right person in the first place". (Berry and Parasuraman, 2001)

Looking at a CV for evidence of the relevant skill set and previous experience is important but in business today, this is not enough.

 

What one can't tell for sure, even from the interview, is whether the applicant definitely has the temperament, attitude and motivation to be successful.

 

So choosing the wrong person.....again, only to see them leave and need replacing, is expensive, not to mention time consuming and potentially damaging to the business whilst operating without that key person in post and contributing. (Coy, Wolfgang 2004)

 

Understanding the individual's set of unique motivational drivers is absolutely essential to the modern day recruitment process and will dramatically improve any HR team or interview panel's ability to select the right person for the job. In the past, a person's true motivational drivers have been difficult to identify let alone measure.

 

Identifying the perfect Square Peg for a perfect Square Hole in the workplace - the right person for the job has phenomenal benefits for both the success of the business and all the people involved. The business gains a focussed, committed, successful, productive and highly motivated new member of staff and the successful candidate experiences improved health, fulfilment and happiness from their work.

 

結論--Conclusion

 

Employee motivation is an important task for managers. Early motivational theory such as that of Taylor suggested that pay motivated workers to improve production.#p#分頁標題#e#

 

However businesses now need employees to have greater motivation and have a stake in the company for which they work, as shown by Mayo. Maslow and Herzberg demonstrated that employees are motivated by many different factors.

 

Tesco provides opportunities for its managers and staff to take a share and a greater interest in their own employment. Since every employee is an individual, with different needs and aspirations, the process of reviews and personal development plans allows recognition of their abilities and achievement, as well as potential development.

 

This benefits the individual by providing career progression. It also benefits Tesco by ensuring the business can deliver high levels of customer service through its skilled employees.